Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DESIGNS
PSYCHROMETRY OF AIR
CONDITIONING
PROCESSES Processes in
A/C Equipment
factor
Assignment for next meeting
USE OF HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS
IN AIR WASHER
Hygroscopic solutions such as brines, glycols, etc., exert
lower vapour pressures as compared to pure water at
the same temperature as shown in Fig.1.
The saturation curve A on the psychrometric chart
represents the vapour pressure of water pA .
Representative vapour-pressure curves for certain
hygroscopic solutions are shown as B, C, D, E, etc.
The vapour-pressures pB , p , etc., of the solutions are
C
lower than the vapour pressure pA of water at the same
temperature t.
USE OF HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS
IN AIR WASHER
A
B
C D
1
A pA
C pC
ts t
Fig. 1 Dehumidification of air by hygroscopic solutions
USE OF HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS
IN AIR WASHER
If a hygroscopic solution such as C at temperature t is
circulated in an air washer instead of water at the same
temperature, the condition line will be 1-C instead of 1-A
for the initial state of air.
Thus, a spray of the hygroscopic solution is more
effective for dehumidification.
The solution after absorbing moisture, however,
becomes dilute and has to be regenerated again by
heating and driving off the water vapour.
ADIABATIC DEHUMIDIFIER
Adiabatic dehumidification is based on the principle of
adsorption, or, capillary action.
Process:
o The vapour which is condensed at the surface of the adsorbent
is drawn into capillaries, thereby reducing the vapour pressure at
the surface causing a pressure gradient, and hence a mass
transfer from the passing air stream to the absorbing surface.
o As the capillaries get filled with water, the attraction decreases
and the rate of dehumidification falls off.
Thermodynamically, the adsorption process is the
reverse of the adiabatic saturation process as shown in
Fig.2.
ADIABATIC DEHUMIDIFIER
Adsorption
1 dehumidification
Constant
WBT line
Co
ns
tan
tW
BT
2b 2c
2a
1
t t
t
Fig. 3 Process with liquid water injection
WATER INJECTION
The air flow rate is ma . The mass and enthalpy balances
give
m
= + ----- (15.20)
m
m
h = h + ----- h f
m
= h + ( ) h (15.21)
f
2
Steam
h injection
t t
t
Fig. 4 Process with steam injection
STEAM INJECTION
The process is shown in Fig. 4. The dry bulb
temperature of air changes very little during the process.
Note: The reference state for zero enthalpy for h, h,
and h must be the same.
Air conditioning
apparatus Supply Air
Fan
Supply air at ts , s
0.0204(t ts ) Qs
--------------------------------------- = ------------ (15.26)
0.0204(t ts ) + 50( s ) Qs + QL
which is the same as Eq. (15.16) for the SHF line.
Thus all the supply air states lie on a line, the slope of
which is governed by Eq. (15.26). The locus of these
states is the sensible heat factor or the condition line
drawn from the room state.
TOPIC DISCUSSION
Fig. 6 shows a number of such supply air states, s,
s,..., etc., in a summer air conditioning plant, that satisfy
the governing equations.
A similar treatment is possible for a winter air
conditioning system.
The following example gives an illustration of the
calculation procedure for an industrial problem in which
an adsorption type of dehumidifier is used.
RSH RSH
RSHF = ------------------ = ---------
RSH + RLH RTH
In a cooling and dehumidification process, the
temperature at which the RSHF or condition line
intersects the saturation curve is called room apparatus
dew point (Room ADP).
Thus tADP in Fig. 6 denotes the effective surface
temperature ts .
INTRODUCTION
h
hs
hADP i
S
S
s3
S
s2
S S s1
ADP
X (1 X)
ts = t ADP ts ts ts ts
t
Fig. 6 Locus of supply air states for cooling and apparatus dew point
INTRODUCTION
The condition line i-S represents the locus of all possible
supply air states.
One extremity of the condition line is i which would be
supply air state with an infinite quantity of supply air.
The other extremity is S which is the supply state with
the minimum supply air requirement corresponding to
the given condition line.
It is not possible to have any other supply air state with a
DBT lower or higher than the ADP on the saturation
curve which would satisfy the given condition line.
INTRODUCTION
The minimum quantity of supply air will then be given by
either of the following three equations:
RSH
(cmm) = --------------------
s, min (15.27a)
0.0204(t tADP )
RLH (15.27b)
= -------------------
50( ADP )
RTH (15.27c)
= -------------------
0.02(h hADP )
INTRODUCTION
In the case of an actual coil with a bypass factor of X, the
leaving air state will be at s.
It is seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to
decrease the difference in temperature between the
room air and supply air, and hence to increase the
supply air quantity over its minimum value.
For any supply air state, the temperature difference
(t ts ) available to counteract the room sensible heat
load is called the dehumidified rise and the
corresponding dehumidified air quantity (cmm)d which is
equal to the quantity of the supply air, is obtained by the
INTRODUCTION
equation for sensible heat balance, and considering the
effect of bypass factor
RSH
(cmm)d = (cmm)s = --------------------
0.0204(t ts )
RSH
= ------------------------------- (15.28)
0.0204(t tADP )(1 X)
It can also be found from the equations of latent heat or
total heat balances.
SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
WITH VENTILATION AIR-ZERO BYPASS
FACTOR
The introduction of fresh outside air for the ventilation of
conditioned space is necessary to dilute the carbon
dioxide and odours and other air contaminants for
maintaining the purity of room air.
Accordingly, the simple air conditioning system of Fig. 5
is modified, so that the supply air to the room comprises
fresh air and re-circulated room air.
An amount equivalent to the fresh air is ejected from the
room.
The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 7,
and the processes for the cases of cooling and
dehumidification are shown in Fig. 8.
SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
WITH VENTILATION AIR-ZERO BYPASS
FACTOR
Qs
m
Room
cmm
QL
m cmm
m
cmm
1 2 s
Fan ms
Cooling and cmms
Dehumidifying
Apparatus
0
S: Surface at ADP
2: Leaving air
s: Supply air
GSHF Line
1
i
S, s, 2
RSHF Line
t ADP t t
t
Fig. 8 Summer air conditioning processes with ventilation air
and zero bypass factor
SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
WITH VENTILATION AIR-ZERO BYPASS
FACTOR
Thus
Q = s (h h) = (h + h) s h
= ( s )h + h hs
= (h s h) + (h h) (15.29)
Thus
TLH TSH
GSHF = ----------------- = ----------
TSH + TLH GTH