AIR POLLUTION

Air pollutionis a mixture of solid particles and

gases in theair. Caremissions, chemicals from
factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be
suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major
part ofair pollutionin cities. When ozone
formsair pollution, it's also called smog.
Someair pollutantsare poisonous.
 Researchers at UNM are working to find an air pollution solution by making catalytic converters in diesel engines work more efficiently.
UNM Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Abhaya Datye, and his graduate students Eric Peterson and Andrew De La Riva, are
focused on finding a way to make catalytic converters on diesel engines as efficient as possible by engineering them to work at lower temperatures.
Catalytic converters in vehicles convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions.
Catalytic converters can be more efficient if they work at lower temperatures, so they quickly begin converting toxic air pollution to harmless compounds

soon after the vehicle is started. When a diesel engine is started on a cold morning, the catalytic converter is cold and does not work efficiently. Until the
engine warms sufficiently, the catalytic converter is unable to remove the clouds of partially burned fuel billowing into the air.
Both the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and General Motors are funding research at UNM to find a way to improve the catalytic converters that filter
the pollutants. The DOE is interested in one thing - finding a way to make catalytic converters work well at cooler temperatures, specifically 150 degrees
Celsius.
For General Motors, the research problem is a little different. Catalytic converters use platinum as a catalyst because it is more efficient than other metals

in helping the engine completely burn its fuel. But the metal is only mined in South Africa and its extremely expensive, so Datye and his graduate
students are looking at how palladium, another metal which is less expensive, can work with platinum to achieve efficient combustion. In a recent paper,
they published their results on nanoparticles of palladium and platinum.
They went to use equipment at Argonne National Lab because they needed to see what was occurring with the catalysts on a molecular level. The results
of that experiment can be foundhere. Now Datye and his students are pushing to determine precisely what happens on the atomic level as the fuel
interacts with the catalysts as it combusts.
De la Riva is the experimentalist. I work with all the parts and try to get the data right," he said. "This is a different support you are seeing here, but

were trying to do the same thing. Is it stable? Is it not stable? See these rod shapes? If we go to 150 they may change to an amorphous lump of nothing,."
Because they are working on such a small scale, it is very difficult just to correctly measure their work.
Peterson analyzes the x-ray diffraction of the particles. He is able to infer the size of the particles by the width of the peaks. The catalyst nanoparticle size

is actually really a key metric because the larger the particles the less efficient the catalyst is because catalysis happens on the surface and as particles
grow they lose surface area," Peterson said. "The precious metal atoms dont function when they are on the inside of a catalyst. So ideally what you would
like to do is have single atoms or clusters of several atoms that all have their surfaces exposed to the gasses that are coming in and reacting."
They expect their manipulation of the platinum and palladium atoms to make the catalytic converters more efficient, but they dont know yet how much the

efficiency can be increased.

The Union of Concerned Scientists says diesel engines, which power most trucks, buses and trains, are responsible for nearly half of all nitrogen oxides and

more than two-thirds of all particulate matter emissions from transportation systems in the United States. If the efficiency of the catalytic converters can
be increased, it will reduce the amount of toxic pollutants in the air. Thats something that will make the long days in the lab very worthwhile.
About Abhaya Datye

Distinguished Regents Professor and director of the Center for Micro-engineered Materials Abhaya K. Datye has disclosed 13 inventions, received four
issued U.S. patents, and has six pending patent applications for nanomaterials, catalysis and biorenewable energy technologies. In his work as director of
the UNM Center for Micro-engineered materials, Datye and his colleagues are developing new, interdisciplinary technologies to make the United States
more competitive in nanomaterials synthesis and the transfer those technologies to industry. In his position as the director of international programs for
the Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals he is developing collaborations with European partners who are exploring the field of
biorenewable conversions in which carbohydrates synthesized by plants are converted to useful chemicals and fuels.