Introduction

Dynamic Load. Magnitude, direction and position

varies with time. Similarly, the structural measured in
terms of displacements and stresses also varies with time
and is, therefore, dynamic
As the loading and response is varying with time we
need time variant solution. Thus the solution is also
modified with time or structural response is also
dynamic. So we have loading history, displacement
history, stress history etc thus the response is also
dynamic
The dynamic response is associated with interial
response which is resistive force and is acted upon
according to D Alembert principle
 Introduction
The principal quantities used to describe the
motion of an object are position ( s), velocity ( v),
and acceleration ( a). Thus in structural dynamic
we ref to these quantities at nodes. Since velocity
is the time derivative of the position, and
acceleration is the time derivative of the velocity,
acceleration is the second time derivative of the
position. Therefore, the position function s( t) for a
moving object can be determined by writing
Newton's Second Law, Fnet = ma, in the form
 INTRODUCTION
=

The first experimental studies of vibration were
apparently those reported by Galileo in 1584, when
he deduced the laws of the pendulum from the
oscillations of a swinging lamp in the Pisa cathedral.
However we owe the development of the law of
angular vibration to:
Galileo in 1610 gave us the concept of mass
Hooke in 1660 who provided the concept of elasticity and
stiffness
Newton in 1665 (and Leibnitz in 1684) who gave us the
calculus
Newton in 1687 who gave us the canonized laws of
motion.
 INTRODUCTION
=
=
Galileo (1584-1660) , Hooke (1660)
and Newton (1665)
Taylor (1713), Barnauli (1739) and
Euler (1739)
+Kx = A cos ( t) when = tends to
resonance
 What is Dynamics of
Structures?
A study related to the
response of a structure
subjected to dynamic loading
Dynamic load is any load of
which the magnitude,
direction, or position varies
with time, non stationery
random
The dynamic of structure may
be:
Rigid Body or
Deformable
Deformable-body dynamics is
usually oscillatory in nature
which induces displacement
and stresses in the body.
The analysis of these time-
 Why to Study Dynamics of Structures?

The response of structure to static load is different

than its response to dynamic load
Dynamic loading may cause large displacement and
severe stresses, especially in cases where the
frequency of loading is close to the natural
frequency of structures
Fluctuating stress, even of moderate intensity, may
cause material failure through fatigue
Oscillatory motion may at times cause wearing and
malfunction of machinery
The vibration from one machine may transferred to a
delicate instrument through support structures
Vibration cause discomfort to the occupants
 Nature of Exciting Force
Periodic and Non-periodic (random)
Periodic Load repeats itself at regular interval of time called period. The
reciprocal of period is called frequency of load
Non-periodic load is random in nature and does not repeat itself

Deterministic and Nondeterministic

Deterministic loads can be specified as definite function of time (continuous
function or discrete numerical values at certain regular intervals of time)
Nondeterministic loads cannot be specified as definite function of time and
are known in statistical sense, e.g. earthquake load, wind load
Sources of Dynamic Loads
Rotating or reciprocating machinery
(sinusoidal vibration)
Wind (time-varying drag and lift
forces)
Bomb blast (The force on structure due
to blast load depends on the distance
from the center of explosion and the
strength of explosive.
Earthquakes

Earthquake Load
Mathematical Model of Dynamic System
Discrete Parameter System (Discrete System):
A system with rigid-body masses and massless springs
Its response is completely defined by specifying displacements along the
degree of freedom (DOF) that determine the position of masses in space.
The response is governed by a set of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)
equal to DOF.
Simple and preferable approach and The accuracy can be increased by
increasing DOF k
m P(t)

Distributed Parameter System (Continuous System)

Masses and the stiffness are distributed
The response is governed by one or more partial differential equations
Formulation of Equation of Motion
A set of differential equations governing the motion of dynamic system, by
defining the dynamic displacements, is known as Equation of Motion

mu cu ku p (t )
Equation of Motion can be formulated by dAlemberts Principle or direct equilibrium
dAlemberts Principle:
This principle converts a dynamic problem to an equivalent static problem

d du
Q (t ) m mu
dt dt
Mass Moment of Inertia
Mass moment of inertial of a body about certain axis is the product of mass and
square of radius of gyration.

I x dm y 2 mr 2
m

Mass moment of Inertia is a measure of the inertial resistance of a body to its

rotation
Rigid Prismatic Bar
m = total mass of bar and L = Length of bar

mL2
1 2 I1
3
L/2 L/2
mL2
I2
12
Mass Moment of Inertia (Cont..)
Rigid Plate
Rectangular mb2
I1
Circular 3
b/2
Ellipse 2 2
mb
I2
12 b/2
1

mR 2
Ip

m a2 b2 a
I1 12
4 R
1
mR 2
Ip
2 a/2
mb2
I1
1
16

b/2 Ip

m a2 b2
16
Stiffness: Linearly Elastic System
Stiffness is defined as the action (force, moment, torque) at a certain point
required to produce a unit deformation (translation, rotation, twist) at that
or some other point in a system
Linearly Elastic System
 Linearly Easlic System

= -ot Koo -1 Kot

Ib = Ic and L
= 2h
Stiffness: Linearly Elastic System
Static Condensation
24 EI c 6 EI c 6 EI c
h3 h2 h2
u1 fs
6 EI c 4 EI c 4 EI b

4 EI b u 0 K11 K12 1
U F
h2 h L L 2 K K 22 U 0
u3 0 21 2

6 EI c 4 EI b 4 EI c 4 EI b

h 2 L h L
K 21U1 K 22U 2 0 U 2 K 22 K 21U1
1

F K11U1 K12U 2 K11 K12 K 22 K 21 U1

1

 Module-2
Single Degree of Freedom System:
Formulation of Equation of Motion
Single Degree of Freedom System
A system whose dynamic response can be described by specifying
displacement along only one coordinate.
True Engineering Systems are Multi-degree System; SDOF Systems are
Idealization
For many Engineering Systems SDOF Idealization is Satisfactory
Dynamic Analysis of SDOF Systems is Simple and can be extended to more
complex MDOF Systems
Components of Dynamic System
Components of a Dynamic System are:
Mass Resulting in Inertial Force (fI)
Stiffness resulting in Spring Force (fS)
Energy dissipating mechanism resulting in Damping Force (fD)
External Exciting Force p(t)
From Direct Equilibrium (dAlemberts Principle):

f I f D f S p(t )
mu cu ku p(t )
Inertia and Spring Force
Inertia Force:
The force produced in a dynamic system due to:
Translational Acceleration of mass (Inertial force, f I mu )
Rotational Acceleration of mass (Inertial Moment, M I I )

Spring Force:
Internal Forces induced in a body undergoing deformation.
Spring force exist both in static and dynamic system
For elastic system the spring force is directly proportional to the deformation produced
and is equal to stiffness times the deformation ( f S ku )
For inelastic system the spring force is dependent on both displacement and velocity.
Damping Force
Damping Force:
Damping is the process by which free vibration steadily diminishes in amplitude
due to dissipation of energy and the corresponding force is called damping force.
There are many energy dissipating mechanisms:
Heating of the material due to internal friction
Opening and closing of micro cracks
Friction between structural and non-structural components
Connections
External devices
Equivalent Viscous Damping force f D cu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigen_value