EEE

373
Renewable Energy

Md. Sajedul Islam

Lecturer, EEE, Uttara University

1
 References
1. T. Markvart, K. Bogus Solar Electricity-
Wiley, 1994, ISBN 0471941611

2. Mratin A. Green Solar Cells Prentic-

Hall, 1982, ISBN 0138222703

3. Kasap Safa Optoelectronics and

Photonics: Principles and Practices
Prentic-Hall, ISBN 978-81-317-2468-2

4. Internet based sources: If required

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 Introduction

ENER
GY RENEWAB
USE LEENER
FOSSIL GY
FUEL HYBRID
AGE FUEL
AGE

PAS Prese FUTU

T nt RE
times 3
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Energy Demand and
Production

Gap

2015

2018

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Why we will need more
energy?
1%/year after 2000?

World Population Trend

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Dawn of Industrial Age.

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 Industrial Age

Fossil Fuels Electricity for Industry, Transport, Food, Medicine.

Allows previously non-habitable areas to be settled.
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 Post World War II

Refined oil (gasoline) in use for transport. Nuclear power introduced.

Population spreads through commercial air transport.
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 The Recent Past

Improvements in efficiency (agriculture, medicine, transport).

Air conditioning allows arid climates to be settled.
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 The Near Future

Energy need to be effectively decoupled from geography (Renewable)

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 Energy Demand
Energy is a key to the advancement and prosperity of
humans
To sustain the current human development more and more
energy is required
In 2014 averaged 17 TW and 80%... fossil fuels (coal,
oil, and natural gas etc..)
For 2050 projected amount is as much as 30 TW !!!???
How to supply all that energy: to burn more fossil fuels or
build more nuclear power plants !!!!!???

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Countries by carbon dioxide emissions
in thousands of tonnes per annum

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 Global Warming & Solution
Greenhouse gasses, air pollution water and soil
contamination

Our convenient lifestyle also results in a daily output

of over 16 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere

This large CO2 emission is a primary cause for

global warming, and the primary reason for the recent
climate changes

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 Limitation of Fossil
Fuel
How fast we will run out of oil, ranging between 10
years and over a century

Oil is spent million times faster than it is formed,

complete depletion is unavoidable

Heterogeneous distribution of oil reserves has

been
generate political and economical tensions

Unanswered question of safe disposal of

radioactive waste from nuclear plants, disasters,
terrorism
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Recent Trend of Energy Sources

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Alternative or Renewable ES
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources
which are continually replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, waves and geothermal heat
Clean and renewable sources of energy are the
sound alternative of the energy crisis
Renewable energy resources; such as wind and solar
energy are constantly replenished and will never run out

Renewable energy technologies can produce heat

and
electricity with a very low of carbon dioxide emissions

Clean and will improve the quality of our environment

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17
Global Energy Capacity
Distribution

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 Main Renewable Energy
Sources

Wind Energy Solar Photovoltaic Energy Solar Thermal Energy

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 The Sun Main Source of
Energy
Sunlight or solar energy can be used for heating, lighting
electricity and variety of commercial and industrial uses

Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly

from the sun:

The sun's heat: drives the wind-wind turbines

The winds and the sun's heat cause water to

evaporate: hydroelectric power

Rain & sunlight causes plants to grow: Biomass energy

32
SOLAR CELL BASIC

Sunlight

solar cell Electricity

Heat

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SOLAR CELLS

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 AC SYSTEM

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 PV System
The process of converting light (photons) to
electricity
(voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect

10 of these modules are mounted in PV arrays

These flat-plate PV arrays can be put to facing the sun

or on a tracking device

10 to 20 PV arrays can provide enough power for

large
electric utility or industrial applications
large PV system
l00 of arrays can be interconnected to form a single,
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 Advantages and Limitations of
PV
Advantages Limitations
Renewable/Sustainable Intermittent power
Direct conversion Low-energy density
Environmentally friendly High start-up cost
Decentralized
installation
Long life (30 years)
Low maintenance
Clean energy
Light weight
Overlap with IC
technology
Dr.
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SOLAR THERMAL USAGE

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Solar Cooker

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 PV Performance
The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of its
efficiency at turning sunlight into electricity

A typical commercial solar cell has an efficiency of 10-26%

about one-tenth/fourth of the sunlight striking

Different sources of losses

Some solar cells are designed to operate with

concentrated
sunlight but

46% (multi junction & concentrated: <80%) for single

junction cells ~25% (Si) Dr.
~10-22% (thin films)
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Why Solar Cell is Not 100% Efficient?
100% Incident radiation
0.74
Insufficient
photon
energy, h < Eg
0.59 Excess photon
Optical
energy Losses
h > Eg
0.95 Collection efficiency of
photon
0.6
Voc
=0.6Eg Material
0.85 Losses
FF =
0.85
24%
Overall Solar cell
Efficiency efficiency
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