Lec 17: Carnot principles,

entropy

 For next time:

Read: 6-9 to 6-14 and 7-1

HW 9 due October 29, 2003

Outline:

Carnots corollaries
Kelvin temperature scale
Clausius inequality and definition of entropy

Important points:

Do not forget the first law of thermodynamics and

the conservation of mass we still need these to
solve problems
Kelvin temperature scale helps us find maximum
efficiencies for power cycles
Understand how entropy is defined as a system
property

Carnots first corollary

The thermal efficiency of an irreversible
power cycle is always less than the
thermal efficiency of a reversible power
cycle when each operates between the
same two reservoirs.

Carnots first corollary

So, WI WR, and

th ,I

WI

QH

th ,R

WR

QH

So th,I th,R
4

Carnots second corollary

All reversible power cycles operating
between the same two thermal reservoirs
have the same thermal efficiencies.

Carnots second corollary

And

so

th ,R 2

WR , 2 WR ,1

th ,R1
QH
QH

th ,R 2 th ,R1

Refrigerators and heat pumps

We can show in a manner parallel to that for

the Carnot corollaries:

1. The COP of an actual, or irreversible,

refrigeration cycle is always less than the COP
for a reversible cycle operating between the
same two reservoirs.

2. The COPs of two reversible refrigerators or

heat pumps operating between the same two
reservoirs are the same.
7

Kelvin Temperature Scale

The thermal efficiency of all reversible
power cycles operating between the same
two thermal energy reservoirs are the
same.
It does not depend on the cycle or the
mechanism.
What can depend upon?

Kelvin Temperature Scale

= (L, H)
where the s are temperatures.
It is also true that =1 -(QL/QH)rev, so it
must be true that

QL

QH

( L , H )
REV

Kelvin Temperature Scale

The previous equation provides the basis
for a thermodynamic temperature
scale--that is, one independent of the
working fluids properties, of the cycle
type, or any machine.
We are free to pick the function any way
we wish. We will go with the following
simple choice:

10

Kelvin Temperature Scale

TL
( L , H )
TH
So,

QL

QH

REV

TL

TH

11

Kelvin Temperature Scale

This only assigns the T ratio. We proceed
by assigning Ttp 273.16 K to the triple
point of water. Then, if that is one
reservoir,

T 273.16K
Q
tp

REV

12

(Reversible) Power Cycles

Efficiency
With Carnots first corollary, the maximum
efficiency one can expect from a powerproducing cycle is that of a reversible
cycle.
Also, recall that for any cycle (reversible
or irreversible)

Qout
QL
th 1
1
Qin
QH
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(Reversible) Power Cycles

Efficiency
th ,maximum max rev
But

QL

QH

rev

Qout

1
Qin

rev

QL
1
QH

rev

TL

TH

So max rev

QL
1
QH

rev

TL
1
TH
14

TEAMPLAY
Many power cycles for electricity supply
operate between a steam supply reservoir
of about 1,000 F and a heat rejection
reservoir of about 70 F.
What is the maximum thermal efficiency
you can expect from such a system?

15

Carnot Efficiency
This maximum thermal efficiency for a
power cycle is called the Carnot
Efficiency.

max rev

QL
1
QH

rev

TL
1
TH

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Efficiencies
So, if an efficiency is obtained that is
too large, it may be an impossible
situation:

th th ,rev irreversible, (real) heat engine

th th ,rev reversible heat engine
th th ,rev impossible heat engine
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TEAMPLAY

Problem 6-90E

18

Refrigerators, air conditioners

and heat pumps
Hot reservoir at TH

Q
H
System

W
input

Q
L
Cold reservoir at TL

19

Coefficient of Performance
Refrigerators/Air conditioners

Cooling Effect
COPac
Work Input

Q
QL
L
COPac

W
Winput
input
20

For a Carnot refrigerator or air

conditioner

Q
QL
L
COPac

-Q

QH - QL
Q
H
L
Substituting for
temperatures

TL
COPac
TH - TL
21

Coefficient of Performance for

Heat Pumps

Heating Effect
COPhp
Work Input

Q
QH
H
COPhp

W
Winput
input
22

For a Carnot heat pump

COPhp

Q
QH
H

-Q

QH - QL
Q
H
L

Substituting for
temperatures

COPhp

TH

TH - TL
23

TEAMPLAY

Problem 6-104

24

This is going to seem pretty

abstract..so hang on for the ride!

25

Clausius Inequality
Another corollary of the 2nd Law.
Now we will deal with increments of heat
and work, Q and W, rather than Q and
W.

We will employ the symbol

, which
means to integrate over all the parts of
the cycle.
26

Clausius Inequality
The cyclic integral of Q/T for a closed
system is always equal to or less than
zero.

Q
T
Remember, the term

0
cycle

signifies a cyclic integral.

27

Look at a reversible power cycle

Hot reservoir

QH
System

WoutR

QL
Cold reservoir
28

Look at a reversible cycle:

We know:

cycle

QH QL

And:

cycle

WoutR 0

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For the reversible cycle

Look at Q/T:

Q
T

Q H

TH
cycle

Q L
TL

Since the heat transfer occurs at constant

temperature, we can pull T out of integrals:

Q
T

cycle

QH
QL

TH
TL
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For the reversible cycle

QL

QH

rev

TL

TH

or

QH QL

TH TL

This allows us to write:

Q
T

cycle

QH
QH

0
TH
TH
31

What were signs of

irreversibilities?

Friction
unrestrained expansion
mixing
heat transfer across a temperature
difference
inelastic deformation

32

For an irreversible cycle

Hot reservoir

QH
System

WoutI

Q LI
Cold reservoir
33

For an irreversible cycle

For the same heat
input:

WoutI WoutR

For both cycles we can write:

WoutI Q H Q LI and WoutR Q H Q L

Apply inequality:

Q H Q LI Q H Q L
or Q LI Q L

or

Q LI Q L

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Apply cyclic integral

Q
T

cycle

QH
Q LI
QH
QL

0
TH
TL
TH
TL

For the irreversible cycle:

Q
T

0
cycle

35

Clausius Inequality

Q
And so, we have
T

0
cycle

Where the goes with an

irreversible cycle and the = goes
with a reversible one.

36

Clausius Inequality

Q
T

0
cycle

Why do we go through the proof?The

inequality will lead to a new property.

37

Lets look at a simple reversible

cycle on a p-v digram with two
processes
P
A

.2

Let A and B both

be reversible

38

Find the cyclic integral:

Q
T

Q
0

T
cycle
1
2

T
A
2
1

T
1
2

T
A
1
2

We can then write:

Q
1 T
2

T
1
2

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What can we conclude?

The integral Q is the same for all reversible
T
Paths between points (states) 1 and 2.
This integral is only a function of the end
states and is therefore a property of the
system.
Well define a new property, entropy
as:

Q
dS =

Int Rev

40

Entropy
2

s2 - s 1 =

Units
are

q
1 T

int rev

kJ
Btu
or
kg K
lb m R

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