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DDWR 1413 Environmental Physics

and Sustainability

Passive Ventilation
ANGIE LEE XIAO FONG A16DW0916
TING ZHI KAI A16DW2082
CHAN QI WEI A16DW0475
NURUL ASSILA BINTI AZMIN A16DW2078

What is ventilation?

intentional
introduction
of outside
air into a
space, to:
Keep fresh
air for
respiratory
system

Preserve
oxygen
concentrati
on

Control
carbon
dioxide

Control
moisture
level

Lower heat
level

Keep out
dust
particles

Natural Ventilation
Passive Cooling - Passive cooling refers to

technologies or design features used to cool


buildings without power consumption, such as those
technologies discussed in the Passive house project.
Energy-consuming mechanical components like
pumps and fans are not used.

Passive cooling building design attempts to integrate

principles of physics into the building exterior envelope to:


Slow heat transfer into a building. This involves an
understanding of the mechanisms of heat transfer: heat
conduction, convective heat transfer, and thermal radiation
(primarily from the sun).
2. Remove unwanted heat from a building. In mild climates
with cool dry nights this can be done with ventilating. In hot
humid climates with uncomfortable warm / humid nights,
ventilation is counterproductive, and some type of solar air
conditioning may be cost effective.
1.

What Is Passive Ventilation?


Passive - use ambient energy sources instead of purchased energy like electricity or natural
gas

Uses a series of vents in exterior walls or windows


Allows outdoor air to enter home in controlled ventilation
Natural airflow, wind and the temperature differences in indoor and outdoor

air help to draw in fresh air and circulate it through the home. The fresh air
forces polluted, humid, warmer air into vertical ducts (aka thermal chimneys)
that lead into the attic, where the air is exhausted to the outside. The fresh-air
vents are specially designed to slow down incoming air and disperse it
indoors. An adjustable precision damper within the vent allows the regulation
of airflow, and vents are typically equipped with a filter to screen out dust and
insects. Some fresh-air vents also have acoustical features for masking
outdoor noises from sources such as traffic, airplanes and trains.

Purpose of Passive Cooling


Provides indoor comfort
Low maintenance
Zero/ Low energy consumption
Low running cost
Promotes healthy environment
Saves the Earth

How Passive Ventilation Works?


Wind-driven ventilation arising from different pressures created

by winds around a building


Buoyancy-driven ventilation created by forces resulting from the
temperature difference between the interior and exterior of a building
Night Cooling - a passive cooling method, driven by the natural
driving forces of the wind and/or thermally (stack) generated
pressures. The heat absorbed by a building's exposed thermal mass
during the day is released to the indoor air at night, after which it is
purged by night ventilation. Meanwhile, external fresh air cools down
the thermal mass which then acts as a heat sink during the following
day. The night purge involves automatically operable windows or
louvres being opened for a pre-set period of time over night, allowing a
natural air flow through the building.

Passive Cooling Techniques


SHADING
Shading a building from solar radiation can be achieved in many ways.
Orientation according to areas climate.
Eg: In winter sun, it is oriented in East/West dimension. Shade

Buildings can be orientated to take advantage of winter sun (longer in


the East / West dimension), while shading walls and windows from
direct hot summer sun. This can be achieved by designing locationspecific wide eaves or overhangs above the Equator-side vertical
windows (South side in the Northern hemisphere, North side in the
Southern hemisphere).

VENTILATION
The mechanical system or equipment used to

circulate air or to replace stale air with fresh air.


Ventilation in buildings has three main purposes:
1. To maintain a minimum air quality
2. To remove heat (or other pollutant)
3. To provide perceptible air movement to enhance
thermal comfort

Natural Ventilation

Stack Ventilation
Cross Ventilation
Night Ventilation

Stack Ventilation
Stack ventilation is where air is driven through the

building by vertical pressure differences developed


by thermal buoyancy. The warm air inside the
building is less dense than cooler air outside, and
thus will try to escape from openings high up in the
building envelope; cooler denser air will enter
openings lower down. The process will continue if
the air entering the building is continuously heated,
typically by casual or solar gains

Chimney Effect
The most effective application of this natural law

(stack effect) is a "thermal chimney," a solar-exposed


enclosure tall enough to generate maximum air flow
and massive enough to retain heat and power the
system into the evening hours.

When to use stack ventilation?


Stack ventilation, can operate when no wind

pressure is available. A building can be designed to


induce its own ventilation by duplicating the
temperature stratifications that are the source of
wind itself.
It must be born in mind that the stack effect can
only take place when the average temperature in the
stack is greater than the outside air.

Things to note when using stack ventilation


The stack effect is quite weak, and therefore openings and

ducts must be large, to minimize resistance.


The pressure difference within the stack varies with height
resulting in diminishing air flows from spaces opening on to
the stack, as their height above ground floor increases.
In tall spaces (multi-room height) the temperature of the air
may be hotter in the upper zone. This is referred to as
stratification. For a given average temperature, this means
that there is a cooler zone at the bottom, which is good news if
this is the only occupied space. However it means that rooms
facing the upper zone may experience unwanted heat gains, as
well as reduced stack effect due to their smaller stack height.

Disadvantage of Stack ventilation


Due to the weakness of the driving pressures

generated by thermal buoyancy, openings have to be


large and unobstructed. This means that they will
readily transmit noise.
Noise attenuating techniques, often used in
ductwork of mechanical systems, involve
labyrinthine pathways, lined with acoustic absorber.
This principle can be applied here but has to be on a
large scale in order to cause a minimum flow
resistance.

What is Cross Ventilation?


Wind-induced ventilation uses pressures generated

on the building by the wind, to drive air through


openings in the building. It is most commonly
realized as cross-ventilation, where air enters on one
side of the building, and leaves on the opposite side,
but can also drive single sided ventilation, and
vertical ventilation flows.

Things to note for Cross Ventilation


Wind speed and direction is very variable. Openings

must be controllable to cover the wide range of


required ventilation rates and the wide range of wind
speeds.
As with stack ventilation, the internal flow path
inside the building must be considered.
For cross-ventilation, bear in mind that the leeward
space will have air that has picked up heat or
pollution from the windward space. This may limit
the depth of plan for cross-ventilation

Disadvantages of Cross Ventilation


As with stack ventilation, the requirement for large

openings may present problems with noise control.


The need to provide flow paths within the building
may conflict with acoustic separation between
internal spaces. However, the provision of by-pass
ducts can help reduce this.

Night Ventilation
Night ventilation is the use of the cold night air to

cool down the structure of a building so that it can


absorb heat gains in the daytime. This reduces the
daytime temperature rise.
An overheating prevention strategy which uses little
or no fossil energy, and together with other passive
strategies such as natural ventilation and shading ,
can avoid the use of air- conditioning. This saves
energy (and CO2 emissions), and once set-up would
require lower maintenance than mechanical systems.

Other Techniques:
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Swamp coolers, fountain courts, and atrium pools

are all applications of evaporative cooling, a


particularly powerful technique in climates of low
relative humidity. When a body of water is placed in
a hot and relatively dry space, the water evaporates
into the air and increases humidity.

Wind Tower

Air enters in wind tower through openings- cooled

down- becomes heavier and sinks down ( presence of


air movement)
after whole day air exchange tower becomes warm
in the evening .
Tower walls absorbs heat during daytime and
releases at night warming cool night air at night.

Wind Tower

Typical Wind Tower Section

Orientation

Opening Size

Opening Type
Opening can be of any type according to climate

conditions.

References
Linden, P. F. (1999). "The Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation
Clancy, L.J. (1975). Aerodynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
. National Institute of Building Sciences.
ASHRAE Handbook. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. 2009.


Wang, Haojie; Qingyan Chen (2012). "A New Empirical Model for
Predicting Single-Sided, Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation in Buildings
McWilliams, Jennifer (2002). "Review of air flow measurement techniques.
LBNL Paper LBNL-49747."
"ASTM Standard E741-11: Standard Test Method for Determining Air
Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution". West
Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 2006.
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation
http://architecture.mit.edu/building-technology/program/research-topics

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