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Presentation on

Textile Industry: Effluent Characteristics and Treatment

Presented by
Avaneesh Kumar Yadav
(M.Tech.-2014EN06)
Civil Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad

Textile Industry: An Overview


Textile industry is the second largest water
consuming sector after agriculture in India
Approx. 100 kg of water is needed to process
1 kg of textile material
Water is used as a solvent in many
pretreatment and finishing processes, such as
washing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing.
Although there have been efforts to reduce
the water input such as altering conventional
equipment, recycling water and reusing
wastewaterwater usage is still high in the
textile industry.

Water Polluting Substances in


Textile Industry
Inorganic substances Oxidizing & Reducing agents
Salts
Acids
Alkalis
Heavy Metals

Organic Substances Dyes


Organic Acids
Thickeners
Finishing Agents
Detergents, etc

Waste Water Characteristics from Various Processes

Dyes
Organic dyes increase the COD of the water
Dyes create serious aesthetic problem and restrict the downstream
reuse of the wastewater ,
Because of the low biodegradability of many chemicals and dyes
employed in various textile processes the biological treatment alone
is not a very good option.

Azo Dyes :
Approximately a half of all known dyes are azo dyes, making them
the largest group of synthetic colorants.
Azo dyes consist of a diazotized amine coupled to an amine or
phenol. At least 3000 different varieties of azo dyes are extensively
used in the textile, paper, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical
industries.
Azo dyes are characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups
(R1-N=N-R2) which are responsible for their colorations and when
such a bond is broken (degraded) the compound loses its color .
Azo dyes are designed to resist chemical and microbial attacks and
to be stable in light and during washing.

Conventional Treatment Methods


It involves chemical and/physical methods,
among which are coagulation, precipitation,
adsorption by activated carbon, oxidation by
ozone, ionizing radiation and ultra filtration.
These physico- chemical methods are generally
costly, produce wastes which are difficult to
dispose of, are less efficient and of limited
applicability.
As a viable alternative, biological processes have
received increasing interest owing to their cost
effectiveness ability to produce less sludge, and
environmental friendliness.
Most reported treatment of dye waste has been
achieved with activated sludge plants.

Treatment Processes
Primary Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment Processes
Tertiary Treatment Processes

Membrane Technology
There are five types of membrane separation
processes, for water purification:
1. Microfiltration
2. Ultrafiltration
3. Nanofiltration
4. Reverse osmosis
5. Electrochemical separation
All the separation processes separate
solute from solution based on their molecular
size .

Microfiltration
Useful in separating suspended
particles & macromolecules up to 0.1
micron or above.
A pretreatment for nanofiltration
Fouling, skin formation and sludge
disposal are concerns.
Membranes may sustain high
temperatures
Less efficient in color removal

UltrafiltrationThis is the size exclusion based pressure


driven membrane separation process range of
10100 .
Typical rejected species or constituents includes
sugar, biomolecules, polymers, colloidal
particles and high molecular weight organic
substances depending upon their molecular
weight, molecular size and also shape.
30-75% dye removal
Used in combination with biological reactors
A Pretreatment for reverse osmosis

Nanofiltration
Operating at lower pressures than reverse osmosis
membranes, nanofiltration can produce a very high
effluent quality.
Retain low-molecular weight organic compounds,
divalent ions, large monovalent ions and dyes.
NF membranes have been tested and shown
excellent efficiency in removing PVA (which is very
precious compound, hence recovered) and dyes.
Nanofiltration cannot only remove many types of
dyes from wastewater, but also the salts and
sulfides.

Electro dialysis:
Membranes with selected permeability towards
anions and cations are used.
By disposition of these membranes, with suitable
spacers, like plates of a filter press, alternating the
cationic membranes, with the anionic ones and
applying continuous electric current, the volumes
between the membranes enrich and impoverish
alternatively of salts.

Reverse Osmosis :
RO is more useful to separate salts and organic
compounds from textile effluents. RO is suitable for1. Rayon industry process wastewater.
2. Up to 80% of warm dye house waste water can be
recovered by RO membrane.

Enzymatic Decolorization:
Textile dyes are decolorized with enzyme
preparation from pleurotus ostreatus,
schizophyllum commune etc.
The substituents on the dyesbenzene ring
influence enzyme activity and hydroxyl
and amino groups enhance decolorization.
The presence of lignin peroxidase and or
manganese peroxidase in addition to
laccase increases decoloriztion by upto
25%.
Limited application

Ion exchange resins


Used for the removal of inorganic salts and some
specific organic anionic components such as
phenol.
All salts are composed of a positive ion of a base
and a negative ion of an acid. Ion exchange
materials are capable of exchanging soluble ions
with electrolyte solutions.
For example, a cation exchanger in the sodium
form when contacted with a solution of calcium
chloride, will scavenge the calcium ions from the
solution and replace them with sodium ions.
This provides a convenient method for removing
the hardness from water or effluent.

Chemical Precipitation
Fe and Mn salts are common in
textile effluent
They are removed in form of
hydroxide, sulphide, carbonate
precipitates
Aeration, addition of lime and other
chemicals are used.
High pH needs to be maintained
Dissolved metals can be further
removed by Membrane Filtration

Advanced Chemical
Oxidation
Conversion or transformation of
pollutants by chemical oxidation
agents other than oxygen or bacteria
to similar but less harmful or
hazardous compounds and/or to
short-chained and easily
biodegradable organic components.
The aim of AOP is the generation of
free hydroxyl radical (OH)

(OH) is a highly reactive, nonselective oxidizing agent


Generation of hydroxyl is highly
accelerated by combining hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) with
Ozone (O3)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
UV radiation or high electron beam
radiation
Fentons Reagent (H2O2 with Iron
Salts)

Ozonation
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent capable of
breaking the aromatic rings of some textile dyes
and decomposition of other organic pollutants
from industrial effluents.
Ozone molecule is itself the electron acceptor,
and hydroxide ions (i.e. pH > 7-8) catalyze the
auto decomposition of ozone to hydroxyl radicals
(OH) in aqueous effluents which react with
organic and inorganic chemicals
Does not increase sludge volume due to being a
gas
Ozone has a short half life of 20 min
Ozone conc. depends on pH, temp, presence of
other chemicals

Prevention of Waste Water Generation


Supercritical fluids :
These are highly compressed gases which possess
valuable properties of both a liquid and gas.
Any gas above its critical temperature retains
the free mobility of the gaseous state but with
increasing pressure its density will increase
towards that of a liquid. The properties which are
intermediate between gases and liquids are
controlled by pressure.
Supercritical fluids do not condense or evaporate
to form a liquid or a gas.

These fluids have solvating power or


the ability to act as a solvent as well
as a solute, making them desirable in
the dyeing process in which disperse
dyes are utilized.
Carbon dioxide is the most
investigated and used gas in the
supercritical fluid dyeing process.

There are three components in the supercritical


CO2 dyeing process the gas, dyestuff and fiber
polymer.
During the dyeing of polymer fibers, CO2 loaded
with dyestuff penetrates deep into the pore and
capillary structure of fibers.
This deep penetration provides effective
coloration of these materials which are
intrinsically hydrophobic. The process of dyeing
and the act of removing the excess dye can be
carried out in the same plant.
A further advantage of this dyeing technique is
that the dye can be easily separated from CO2
and each can therefore be recycled.

Carbon Dioxide has following attributes naturally occurring


chemically inert
physiologically compatible
relatively inexpensive
has no disposal problems
has a critical point within the range which is
readily manageable by technical means
(31C and 73 bar)
non-toxic and non-hazardous
nonflammable and non-corrosive

Disadvantages of
Supercritical CO2
At present, supercritical dyeing with CO2 is
confined to synthetic fibers.
For natural fibers the diffusion of
supercritical CO2 is hampered by its inability
to break the hydrogen bonds present in many
natural fibers, including cotton, wool and silk.
A further problem is that reactive dyes, direct
dyes and acid dyes which are suitable for the
dyeing of natural fibers are insoluble in
supercritical CO2.

Standards for Effluent Discharge

Conclusion

The dyes are natural and synthetic compounds that


make the world more beautiful through colored products.
Textile industry would have less negative impacts on
environment and heath if following measures are adoptedPrevention is better than cure
Recycle, recover and reuse
Modifying Processes
Installation of modern equipments
Good housekeeping practices
Strict implementation of rules, regulations and effluent
standards
Govt. support and funding

THANK YOU

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