Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE-313

Lecture # 1
31th Jan 2012

Introduction

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Plain Concrete

Constituent material of concrete and their properties.

Hydration of cement.
Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them.
Curing of concrete and its significance.
Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests,
strength tests.
Crushing or ultimate strain.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and
significance.
Design of normal concrete mixes, factors affecting the workability of the
fresh concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete.
Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack.
Additives and admixtures for concrete.
Cracks in concrete.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

Basics of composite action of steel and concrete.

Stress-strains curves of steel and concrete.
Actual, simplified and equivalent stress blocks.
Behavior of reinforced concrete members including columns, beams
and slabs at working and ultimate loads.
Specifications, codes of practice and design loads.
Analysis, design and detailing of
Simply supported rectangular and T-beam by ultimate strength
design method
Simply supported and continuous one way and two way slabs.
Reinforced concrete members for axial compression and tension.
Tied and spiral columns.
ACI code provisions for design of columns.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

(contd)

Shear and diagonal tension in concrete, design and detailing of flexural

members for shear.
Corner reinforcement in slabs.
Assessment of crack width in flexural members.
Introduction to alternate method of design with applications

Practical

Physical testing of constituent material for concrete.

Acceptance test for cement.
Test on fresh and reinforced concrete for workability, compressive
strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity.
Casting of different types of beams and columns and testing to study
the effects of various factors.
Detailing of designed elements.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Text

Book

Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition)

by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W.
Dolan
Concrete Structures (Part-I) by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

References

Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-08)

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse
aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler
material. If filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and >
5mm is coarse aggregate.

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)

Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without
any reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in tension. Its tensile
strength is so small that it can be neglected in design.

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with
reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)
01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion
Cement : Sand : Crush
1
1
1

:
:
:

1.5
2
4

:
:
:

3
4
8

Water Cement Ratio (W/C)

W/C = 0.5 0.6
For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is
50 kg
Sand
= 2 x 50 = 100 Kg
Crush
Water
01/23/17 01:00 PM

= 4 x 50 = 200 Kg
= 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg

Batching By Weight

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mechanism of Load Transfer
Function of structure
is to transfer all the
loads safely to
ground.
A particular
structural member
transfers load to
other structural
member.
01/23/17 01:00 PM

Load
Roof Surface
Roof Slab
Beams
Column
Foundation

Sub Soil
8

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction
1.

Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and

Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.

2.

Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement,
sand, crush) and easily available in abundance.

3.

Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are
economical.

4.

Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not
allow them to transmit completely.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Merits of Concrete Construction

5.

(contd)

Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete

there is a very good development of bond between steel
and concrete.

6.

Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and
steel as strong in tension so their combination give a
strong stable structure.

7.

Less Chances of Buckling

Concrete members are not slim like steel members so
chances of buckling are much less.

8.

Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is
not required

01/23/17 01:00 PM

10

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd)
9.

Lesser Chances of Rusting

steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of
rusting are reduced.

Demerits of Concrete Construction

1.

Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.

2.

Increased Self Weight

Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.

3.

Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks.
More cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of
larger width.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

11

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Demerits of Concrete Construction
4.

Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and
curing even then properties can differ for the concrete
prepared at two different times.

5.

Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is
not straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.

6.

Shrinkage and Creep

Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss
of water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is
reduction in volume due to sustained loading when it acts
for long duration. This problem is not in steel structures.

7.

Limited Industrial Behavior

Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited

01/23/17industrial
01:00 PM
behavior.

12

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Specification & Codes

These are rules given by various organizations in

order to guide the designers for safe and
economical design of structures

Various Codes of Practices are

ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute.
For general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges.
By American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
01/23/17 01:00 PM
13
1.

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Specification & Codes (contd)
No code or design specification can be
construed as substitute for sound
engineering judgment in the design of
concrete structures. In the structural practice,
special circumstances are frequently
encountered where code provisions can only
serve as a guide, and engineer must rely upon
a firm understanding of the basic principles
of structural mechanics applied to reinforced
or pre-stressed concrete, and the intimate
knowledge of nature of materials

01/23/17 01:00 PM

14

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Design Loads

Dead Load
The loads which do not change their magnitude
and position w.r.t. time within the life of
structure
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load
of structure.

Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own
weight.
Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
01/23/17 01:00
PM
15
beam
and slab over it is superimposed load.

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Design Loads (contd)

Live Load
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in
buildings and traffic loads on bridges

They may be either fully or partially in place or not

present at all, and may also change in location.
Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
uncertain, and even their maximum intensities
throughout the life time of the structure are not known
with precision.
The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a
building should be designed are usually specified in the
building codes that governs at the site construction.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

16

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Densities of Important Materials
Material

Density (Kg/m3)

PCC

2300

RCC

2400

Brick masonry

1900-1930

Earth/Sand/Brick ballast

1600-1800

Intensities of Live Loads

(Table 1.1, Design of concrete

structures by Nilson)

Occupancy / Use
Residential/House/Class Room
Offices

Live Load(Kg/m2)
200
250-425

Library Reading Room

300

Library Stack Room

730

Warehouse/Heavy storage

01/23/17 01:00 PM

1200

17

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Basic Design Equation

Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance

Factor of Safety
F.O.S. = Max. Failure load/Max. Service Load
Following points are relevant to F.O.S
1.
It is used to cover uncertainties due to
1.

Applied loads

2.

Material strength
Poor workmanship
Unexpected behavior of structure
Thermal stresses
Fabrication
Residual stresses

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

2.
3.

If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and

cracks are within limits.
It covers the natural disasters.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

18

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of
dividing F.O.S. in such a way that Bigger part is applied on
loads and smaller part is applied on material strength.
Material Strength Applied Load x F.O.S.1 x F.O.S.2
{1 / F.O.S.2} Material Strength Applied Load x F.O.S.1
F.O.S.1 = Overload factor or Load Factor {greater than 1}
1/F.O.S.2 = Strength Reduction factor or Resistance Factor {less
than 1}

01/23/17 01:00 PM

19

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method

(contd...)

Sn U
Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
Sn = Design Strength

= Strength Reduction Factor

U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:

Mn Mu
Vn Vu
Pn Pu
01/23/17 01:00 PM

20

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is
applied on material strength and service loads (unfactored) are taken as it is.
Material Strength / F.O.S. Service Loads
In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate
strength design analysis carried out in elastic range.
fu
fc/2

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Concrete

Strain

Stress

Stress

fc
fy
fy/2

Steel

Strain

21

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Plastic Design

In plastic design, plastic analysis is

carried out in order to find the behavior
of structure near collapse state. In this
type of design material strength is
taken from inelastic range. It is
observed that whether the failure is
sudden or ductile. Ductile failure is most
favorable because it gives warning
before the failure of structures
01/23/17 01:00 PM

22

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Capacity Analysis
In capacity analysis size, shape, material
strengths and cross sectional dimensions are
known and maximum load carrying capacity
of the structure is calculated. Capacity analysis is
generally carried out for the existing structures.

Design of Structure
In design of structure load, span and material
properties are known and cross sectional
dimensions and amount of reinforcement are
to be determined.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

23

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
1.
2.

Safety
Economy

Safety
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the
applied throughout the life.

Economy
Structures should be economical. Lighter structures
are more economical.
Economy
Structures)

1/self weight

(More valid for Steel

In concrete Structures overall cost of construction

decides the economy, not just the self weight.
01/23/17 01:00 PM

24

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Load Combinations

To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical

situation.
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x
probability
of occurrence
1.
1.2D + 1.6L
2.
1.4D
3.
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4.

1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)

Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load

01/23/17 01:00 PM

25

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor,

Strength Condition
Tension controlled section
(bending or flexure)

Strength Reduction
Factor
0.9

Compression controlled
section
Columns with ties

0.65

Column with spirals

0.75

Shear and Torsion

01/23/17 01:00 PM

0.75
26

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Shrinkage
Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to
loss of water
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of shortening
is:

0.00025 at 28 days

0.00035 at 3 months

0.0005 at 12 months

Shrinkage = Shrinkage coefficient x Length

Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing
during first 28 days because half of the total shrinkage
takes
place during this period
01/23/17
01:00 PM
27

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Creep
creep is the slow
deformation of material
over considerable
lengths of time at
constant stress or load
Creep deformations for a
given concrete are practically
proportional to the magnitude
of the applied stress; at any
given stress, high strength
concrete show less creep
than lower strength concrete.
01/23/17 01:00 PM

Compressi
ve
strength

Specific
Creep

(MPa)

10-6 per
MPa

20

145

30

116

40

80

55

58
28

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Creep

(contd)

How to calculate shortenings due to creep?

Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load
for several years.
Compressive strength, fc = 30 MPa
Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa
Specific creep for 28 MPa fc = 116 x 10-6 per MPa
Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5
Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5
= 3.48 mm

01/23/17 01:00 PM

29

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Specified Compressive Strength Concrete,
fc
28 days cylinder strength of concrete

The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.

According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders

should be tested and their average is to be taken.

ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in

accordance with ACI code, fc shall not be less than 17
Mpa (2500 psi)
01/23/17 01:00 PM

30

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Specified Concrete Compressive

Strength, fc
BS specifies the compressive strength in
terms of cube strength.

Standard size of cube is 6x6x6

BS recommends testing three cubes and taking

their average as the compressive strength of
concrete

Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube

Strength
01/23/17 01:00 PM

31

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Concrete
Cylinder
01/23/17 01:00 PM

Concrete
Cube

32

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Relevant ASTM Standards

Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed

Concrete (ASTM C 172)

Practice for Making and Curing

Concrete Test Specimens in Field
(ASTM C 31)

Test Methods for Compressive

Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimen (ASTM C 39)

01/23/17 01:00 PM

33

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Testing of Samples for Compressive

Strength
Cylinders should be tested in moist condition
because in dry state it gives more strength.
ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of
concrete placed each day shall be taken :
Not less than once a day

Not less than once for each 110m3 of concrete.

Not less than once for each 460m2 of concrete.

Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test
sample
01/23/17
01:00 PMif he regards it necessary.

34

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality

ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual
class of concrete shall be considered
satisfactory if both of the following
requirements are met:

Every arithmetic average of any three

consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds fc.
No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc

by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc is 35 MPa

(5000 psi) or less; or
by more than 0.10fc when fc is more than 35 MPa

01/23/17 01:00 PM

35

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Acceptance
Criteria for Concrete Quality
(contd)
Example

For Required fc = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of

7 samples

1.

2.

19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa

Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 =
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 =
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 =
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 =
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 =

20.33
21.67
21.33
20.00
20.33

MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive

strength tests equals or exceeds fc.
Non of the test results fall below required fc by 3.5 MPa.

Considering these two point the quality of

concrete is acceptable
01/23/17 01:00 PM

36

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mix Design

Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in

order to get a specified Required Average
Strength, fcr .

If we use fc as target strength during mix design

the average strength achieved may fall below f c.

To avoid under-strength concrete fcr is used as

target strength in-place of fc.

01/23/17 01:00 PM

fcr > fc

37

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mix Design (contd)

ACI-5.3.2 Required Average Compressive Strength

Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data
Are Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified Compressive
Strength, fc (MPa)

Required Average
Strength, fcr (MPa)

fc 35

Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) &

(5-2)

fcr = fc + 1.34 Ss

(5-

1)

fcr = fc + 2.33 Ss 3.5

fc > 35

(5-2)

Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) &

(5-3)

fcr = fc + 1.34 Ss

(5-

Ss = Standard deviation of1)compressive strength

fcr = 0.9fc + 2.33 Ss
(5-3)
01/23/17
test01:00 PM

38

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Mix Design

(contd)

Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data

Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified
Compressive
Strength, fc (MPa)

Required Average
Strength, fcr (MPa)

fc < 21

fcr = fc + 7

21 fc 35

fcr = fc + 8.5

fc > 35

fcr = 1.10fc + 5

01/23/17 01:00 PM

39

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

Crushing
Stress
fc

0.85fc

0.4 fc

01/23/17 01:00 PM

0.0028 to
0.0045,
generally
0.003

Strain

The first
portion of
curve, to about
40% of the
ultimate
strength fc, can
be considered
linear.
The lower the
strength of
concrete the
greater will be
the failure strain
40

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity

Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not

have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity
Initial
tangent
Modulus

Stres
s

Tangent Modulus
0.4fc

Secant
Modulus

01/23/17 01:00 PM

Strain
Tangent and Secant Moduli of
Concrete

41

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity

(contd)

Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.

Ec = 0.043 wc1.5fc
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3

Ec = 4700fc
01/23/17 01:00 PM

42

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:

Plain
Deformed

(currently in use)

Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs

provide a good bond between steel and concrete. If this bond
fails steel becomes in effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:

Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)

Yield strength, fy

Ultimate strength, fu

Size and diameter of bar

01/23/17 01:00 PM

43

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1

Steel Bars
01/23/17 01:00 PM

44

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
Stress Strain Curve for Steel

Stres
s

fu
fy

yielding

Strain Hardening

fy/2

Strain
01/23/17 01:00 PM

45

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd)
Steel Grade Designation

FPS

Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa

Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa
Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa

Grade 40
For hot rolled
Grade
60 bars
steel
Grade 70
Grade
520

Stres
s

Grade
420
Grade
300

Cold
twisted
steel bars
are
available in
grade 420

For hot rolled steel bars

01/23/17 01:00 PM

46

Strain

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel

(contd..)

For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear

because after yielding cracks appear and concrete becomes in
effective.

Bilinear Curve

Stress

Strain
01/23/17 01:00 PM

47

Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Marks Distribution

Mid Term Examination = 20 Marks

Final Term Examination = 40 Marks
Sessional
= 20 Marks

Quiz - I = 37.5 %
Quiz II = 37.5 %
Assignments = 25 %

Lab Work

01/23/17 01:00 PM

= 20 Marks

48

Concluded

01/23/17 01:00 PM

49