KKSB1273 Teknologi Binaan Dan Bahan 01 1112 - 09 Konkrit Sebagai Bahan Binaan

Introduction to Construction Material :
Concrete
KKSB 1273 Teknologi Binaan dan Bahan 01
2015
Universiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia
LECTURE 9
Year 1 : Semester 1 : 2015/2016
Architecture, as a form of understanding of the culture of art and science that encompasses virtual
and reality existences, was never meant to be understood in its totality in a single spectrum. Within
graphical information one must also read with the layering of mixed issues blended within, be it social,
economical, political, geographical, theoretical, structural etc. In the cultivation of such
understanding, the Architect is expected to develop his sensitivity towards thousands of issues within
himself. As such, learning Architecture will be a life long process.
KKSB 1273 Teknologi Binaan dan Bahan 01

Jabatan Seni Bina : Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
universiti kebangsaan malaysia
introduction
jabatan senibina
Concretes versatility, durability, and economy

have made it the worlds most used
construction material.
jabatan senibina
content
01
02
03
04
05
06
Concrete Basics
Proportioning
Properties of Fresh Concrete
Problems in Fresh Concrete
Production Process of Concrete
Properties of Hardened Concrete
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01
Concrete block
Concrete Basics
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and

aggregates. The paste, composed of Portland cement
and water, coats the surface of the fine and coarse
aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called
hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form
the rock-like mass known as concrete.
Sometimes a fourth material, an admixture is added for
specific reasons.
Concrete is a
heterogeneous
material
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Extensive use of concrete

in the Canadian Clay and
Glass Gallery
Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of

concrete: it's plastic and malleable when newly mixed,
2
strong and durable when hardened. These qualities
explain why one material, concrete, can build
skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways,
houses and dams.
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Culvert
Cement or Concrete?
2
Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly

use the terms cement and concrete interchangeably.
But cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
It's the fine, grey powder that, when mixed with water,
sand, and gravel or crushed stone (fine and coarse
aggregate), forms the rock-like mass known as
concrete.
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Constituents of Concrete
Mixture of paste and aggregates
Paste 30 to 40%
Portland cement 7% to 15% by Vol.
Water 14% to 21% by Vol.
+
Aggregates 60% to 70%
Coarse aggregates (gravel)
Fine aggregates (natural sand or crushed stone)
with
Admixtures
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Cement
2
For its raw material, cement draws upon minerals

containing the four (4) essential elements for its
creation: calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron. The
most common combination of ingredients is limestone
(for calcium), coupled with much smaller quantities of
clay, iron ore, and sand (as sources of alumina, iron,
and silica respectively).
So common are these elements that a wide variety of
raw materials are suitable. Cement is made with
everything from sea shells and shale to industrial
byproducts such as blast-furnace slag from steel
plants and fly ash from the electric power industry.
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Cement
01: Functions
Cement used in concrete is usually Portland Cement.

It serves as a binder, which holds all other nonadhesive materials together in a concrete mix.
1
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Cement
02 : Setting and Hardening of Cement
When mixed with water, the cement paste will lose its
plasticity and become a solid. The process of this
chemical reaction between cement and water is called
hydration.
1
Hydration of cement paste, which gives, cements its

bonding properties, strength and hardness, will
continue for months and years.
Setting is the process of stiffening of the cement paste
as it gradually changes from semi-fluid to rigid state
with a rapid gain in strength and continues onto
another stage called hardening.
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Cement
03: Strength of Cement
The various form of strengths are: compressive,

tensile and flexural, though compressive strength is
most commonly considered.
Strength of cement should not be confused as the
strength of concrete but it is directly proportional to
the strength of concrete.
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Cement
2
04: Types of Portland Cement and Uses

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
It is most commonly used.
It is suitable for use in general concrete construction where

there
is no exposure to sulphate attack.
2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)

Hardening process is much faster than OPC and tends to
generate
more heat.
It is useful where concrete early strength gain is necessary.
e.g. early removal of formwork or repair work.
It is suitable for concreting in cold countries.
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Cement
04: Cont.
3. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)

Better resistance to attack by sulphate compounds found in
groundwater and seawater.
Suitable for underground concreting and marine structures.
4. Low Heat Portland Cement (SRPC)

It has slower strength gain and evolves less heat than OPC
during hardening but ultimately the strength will be the same.
It is used for large mass concreting where rapid evolution of
heat will result in high temperature and stresses, which lead to
cracking.
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Cement
04: Cont.
5. White Portland Cement (SRPC)

Very light-coloured Portland cement through careful selection of
raw materials.
Suitable for decorative works and colour pigments may be
added to produce coloured cement.
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Water
01: Functions
It reacts with cement to form a bonding agent in

concrete mix.
It serves as a lubricant to carry the cement paste into
the small pores of aggregate. (helps workability)
Only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction.
Extra water remains in pores and holes which results
in porosity.
Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and
workability.
Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
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Water
02: Quality of water
Must be free from silts, clays and organic matters as

this affects the setting, hardening and durability of
concrete.
Must be of drinking water quality.
Seawater can be used only for plain concrete work but
not for reinforced concrete as the chlorides in
seawater will corrode the steel and also cause
efflorescence.
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Water
03: Quantity of water
This is expressed by the term water-cement ratio i.e.:

weight of water to weight of cement used.
Insufficient water will not encourage full hydration of
cement particles thus the desired strength of concrete
will not be reached.
Excessive amount of water will allow some water to be
trapped in the cement paste and cause concrete to be
porous and weak.
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Aggregates
01: Introduction
Aggregate, which does not react chemically with

cement and water, acts as a filler material and takes
up approximately 60-80% of the volume of concrete.
Consists of inert granular materials (dry powder of
very fine particles) such as sand, gravel, or crushed
stone.
For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean,
hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or
coatings of clay and other fine materials that could
cause the deterioration of concrete.
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Aggregates
02: Classification of Aggregates
1. By source
Natural material e.g. gravel, rock and sand.
Artificial or synthetic material.
1
2. By density
Normal weight aggregate
Lightweight aggregate
Heavyweight aggregate
2 400-3 000 km/m3

30-1 100 km/m3
>4 000 km/m3
3. By size (commonly used)

Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
5mm or less
>5mm
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Aggregates
03: Function of Aggregates
1. Reduced costs.
Easily accessible and are much cheaper than cement.
2. Modify properties of concrete

Increase or decrease density.
Increase durability and chemical resistance.
Increase fire resistance.
Increase sound and heat insulation.
Change colour and texture.
3. Reduce drying shrinkage

Does not shrink as in the case of cement paste, thus reduce
drying shrinkage of concrete.
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Aggregates
04: Grading of Aggregates
Grading is used to describe the proportions of different

sizes of particles in an aggregate.
Aggregate is graded by a process called sieve
analysis.
Strength of concrete is affected by the size, shape and
strength of aggregate. In order to obtain desired
working qualities (i.e. workability) and strength,
grading is necessary.
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Admixtures
01: Functions
To speed up or retard setting and hardening.

To improve workability of fresh concrete.
To reduce segregation of aggregate.
To improve durability of hardened concrete.
To impart colour.
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Admixtures
02: Types of Admixture and Uses
1. Accelerator
Speed up setting to increase the rate of early strength
development.
Used when concreting at low temperature or for urgent repair
works.
2. Retarder
Slow down the rate of hydration so as to reduce the heat
evolved during hydration.
Suitable for concreting in hot weather or for long hauls during
transportation of fresh concrete.
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Admixtures
02: Cont.
3. Air-entraining Agents
These are foaming agents, which entrap millions of stable,
closely spaced air bubbles.
Provide greater workability with less water; help to reduce
bleeding and increased durability.
Used when higher workability is needed for easier placing, and
better flow for concrete pump lines.
4. Water Reducers
Reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of
a given workability.
Achieve higher strength, reduce the possibility of excess water
evaporation, which leaves voids in the concrete, and reduce
bleeding.
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Admixtures
02: Cont.
5. Damp-proofing Agents
Prevent water movement by capillary action or the ability of
concrete to absorb and pass water.
Do not make concrete waterproof but they minimize its
absorption of water.
6. Concrete Colour Agents

Colours may be added to concrete by:
a. Using coloured cement
b. By adding colour pigments to fresh concrete.
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Admixtures
02: Continue
7. Pozzolanic Materials
These are added as admixtures in place of a portion of Portland
cement.
Used to reduce the heat generated in setting and improving
concrete resistance against salt, sulphate or acid water attack.
8. Super-Plasticisers
Used mainly to increase workability, even to the extent of selfleveling concrete mix.
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02
Proportioning
The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in

the careful proportioning and mixing of the
ingredients. A concrete mixture that does not have
enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates
will be difficult to place and will produce rough,
honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture
with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and
will produce a smooth surface; however, the resulting
concrete is likely to shrink more and be uneconomical.
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Proportioning
The character of the concrete is determined by quality

of the paste. The strength of the paste, in turn,
depends on the ratio of water to cement. The watercement ratio is the weight of the mixing water divided
by the weight of the cement. High-quality concrete is
produced by lowering the water-cement ratio as
much as possible without sacrificing the workability of
fresh concrete. Generally, using less water produces a
higher quality concrete provided the concrete is
properly placed, consolidated, and cured.
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03
Chapel of Ronchamp
Notre Dame du Haut
by
Le Corbusier
Properties of Fresh Concrete
Workability
Ease of placement.
Resistance to segregation.
Homogeneous mass.
Consistency
Ability to flow.
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Fresh Concrete
01: Workability
Workability is vital property in fresh concrete, which

determines the amount of useful internal work per unit
that is necessary to produce full compaction.
It expresses the ease with which the concrete mix may
be handled from the mixer to its final position.
It is closely associated with the uniformity and
consistency of the concrete mix.
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Fresh Concrete
02: Factors Affecting Workability
1. Water-cement Ratio
An increase in water content of the mix (i.e. higher w/c ratio)
will increase the workability of the fresh concrete but reduces
the strength of the hardened concrete.
2. Aggregate-cement Ratio
A rich mix (i.e. lower aggregate-cement ratio) which contains a
higher proportion of cement is more workable than a lean mix
i.e. lesser cement.
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Fresh Concrete
02: Cont.
3. Type of Aggregate
The shape, size and grading of aggregate will also affect
workability. For example, flaky and elongated aggregates will
require more water for a given workability due to greater
surface area of aggregate and rough texture, which reduces
mobility.
4. Effect of Time and Temperature

Fresh concrete stiffens with time, as water is lost from the mix
due to the hydration of cement and evaporation of water when
exposed to sun and wind.
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Fresh Concrete
03: Workability Tests
Measurement of workability helps to:

a. assess the practicality of compacting the mix.
b. maintain consistency throughout the job.
c. determine the water-cement ratio for a concrete
mix.
Types of Tests include
a. Slump Test
b. Compacting Factor Test
c. Vebe Consistometer Test
d. Flow Test
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Fresh Concrete

a. Slump Test
Inverted cone.
Fill it up with three layers of equal volume.
Rod each layer 25 times.
Scrape off the surface.
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Fresh Concrete

Slump Test Results
Stiff 0-2
massive sections, little reinforcement
use vibration
Medium 2-5
columns, beams, retaining walls
Fluid 5-7
heavily reinforced section, flowable concrete
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Fresh Concrete

Factors affecting slump
1. Water cement (w/c) ratio
w/c = weight of water / weight of cement
example:
weight of water mixed at the plant 292 lbs.
weight of cement 685 lbs./cu. yard
w/c = 292/685 = 0.43
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Fresh Concrete

2. Paste content
constant water cement ratio
increase paste content
increase slump
NO GOOD
constant cement content
increase water content
increase slump
NO GOOD
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Fresh Concrete

3. Water Content
Add water at the constant cement content, w/c
increases, slump increases.
Add water at a constant water cement ratio, have to
increase cement as well, slump increases.
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04
01: Segregation
Segregation is the separation of the constituents in a
concrete mix such that their distribution is no longer
uniform.
This will affect the strength of hardened concrete.
The primary cause of segregation is differences in
particle size and specific gravity of the mix
constituents.
Segregation occurs under the following
circumstances:
a. long distance in transporting concrete to its final
position.
b. Dropping concrete from a high level.
c. Spreading a heap of concrete using a vibrator.
d. Too much vibration.
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02: Bleeding
Bleeding is a form of segregation in which some of the
water in the mix tends to rise to the surface of freshly
placed concrete.
This is caused by the inability of the solid constituents
of the mix to hold all of the mixing water when they
settle downwards.
It results in having a top layer, which is porous and
weak.
May be prevented by:
a. careful selection of fine aggregates.
b. reducing water content in the mix.
c. using a drier mix to complete the pour.
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01: Batching
This is a process of measuring the quantities of

materials in their correct proportions before mixing.
This may be by volume or weight.
1
02: Mixing
The object of mixing is to coat the surfaces of all
aggregates with cement paste and to blend all
ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass.
This may be by hand-mixing or machine-mixing.
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03: Transporting
Two important precautions during the transportation of
concrete are:
a. concrete should be transported in such a way that
there is no segregation.
b. under no circumstances should water be added to
the concrete during its passage from mixer to
formwork.
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04: Placing
Precautions to be taken while placing concrete:
a. Foreign matters in the formwork must be removed
before placing.
b. Formwork should be treated with a release agent
before concreting to allow easy stripping.
c. To avoid segregation, concrete should not be
dropped from a height of more than 1m.
d. Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid
irregular and unsightly lines.
e. No concreting during raining.
f. Avoid disturbance to freshly placed concrete and
formwork.
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05: Compaction
The main aim of compaction is to eliminate air
bubbles so as to give maximum density to the
concrete.
Compaction can be done either manually or
mechanically.
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06: Curing
This is process of keeping the setting concrete damp,
so that complete hydration of cement is brought out.
Curing will:
a. provide better strength.
b. Reduce drying shrinkage of cement.
c. Decrease permeability and improve durability of
concrete.
Two main methods of curing:
a. Supplying additional moisture by flooding, ponding
or sprinkling of water.
b. Preventing loss of moisture from concrete by using
a mechanical barrier of water retarding paper or
plastic film to prevent evaporation.
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06
Strength
Compressive strength 20008000 psi.
Tensile strength 200-800 psi
Flexural strength
Compression >> tension
since concrete is notch
sensitive
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01: Strength of Concrete

Concrete is strong in compression but is comparatively
weak in tension (approx. 10% of compressive
strength).
Compressive strength is a measure of the ability of
concrete to resist crushing.
Compressive strength is the most widely used
measure of concrete quality. Standard grades of
concrete used are 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45 & 50 Mpa.
It is determined by crushing a test specimen (150mm
cube) to destruction and measuring the dead load
required.
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02: Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

1. Water-cement Ratio
The strength of concrete depends almost entirely on the watercement ratio and is inversely proportional to it.
2. Density of Concrete
This depends on the density of the fine and coarse aggregates.
Insufficient compaction will also reduce the density of the
concrete.
3. Age of Concrete
Hydration of cement increases with time.
Therefore, in determining the strength of concrete, the age at
which the test is conducted must be noted. Usually it is tested
for 28 days.
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02: Cont.
4. Type and Quality of Cement
The type of cement will influence the strength of concrete as
different types of cement gain strength at different rates.
Cement should be fresh and should not be used after storing for
more than 3 months.
5. Curing Conditions
To gain its ultimate strength, concrete must be kept moist
continuously so that full hydration of cement is achieved.
Therefore, the length of moist curing will affect the strength i.e.
the longer the concrete is kept in a moist condition, the more
complete is the hydration process and the greater is the
strength reached.
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02: Cont.
6. Temperature
A higher temperature during setting and placing of concrete will
adversely affect the later strength because the rapid hydration
of cement during the initial stage will result in a poor physical
structure which is porous and unevenly distributed.
7. Quality of Water
Impurities in the mixing water, which affect the hydration of
cement, will reduce the strength of concrete.
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02: Cont.
8. Texture and Shape of Aggregate
The strength depends on the properties of the coarse aggregate
i.e. a smooth and rounded aggregate will lead to cracking at
lower loads than rough and angular aggregate.
This is due to bonding between the aggregate and cement
paste, which is influenced by the surface properties of
aggregate.
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02: Cont.
9. Method of Preparation
Concrete must be mixed, transported, placed and cured
properly if it is to achieve its full potential.
The materials must be adequately mixed to ensure uniform
distribution and placed in the final position without segregation,
bleeding or honeycombing.
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03: Durability
Durability is defined as the ability of the concrete to
withstand the surrounding conditions without
deterioration.
It is dependant on:
a. water-cement ratio
b. cement content
c. degree of compaction
Durability can be improved with:
a. lower water-cement ratio
b. higher densities
c. extended moist curing
d. lower permeability

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Introduction to Construction Material :

KKSB 1273 Teknologi Binaan dan Bahan 01

KKSB 1273 Teknologi Binaan dan Bahan 01

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

Concretes versatility, durability, and economy

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

Extensive use of concrete

Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

For its raw material, cement draws upon minerals

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

Cement used in concrete is usually Portland Cement.

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

02 : Setting and Hardening of Cement

Hydration of cement paste, which gives, cements its

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

03: Strength of Cement

The various form of strengths are: compressive,

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

04: Types of Portland Cement and Uses

It is suitable for use in general concrete construction where

2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

3. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)

4. Low Heat Portland Cement (SRPC)

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

5. White Portland Cement (SRPC)

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

It reacts with cement to form a bonding agent in

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

02: Quality of water

Must be free from silts, clays and organic matters as

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

03: Quantity of water

This is expressed by the term water-cement ratio i.e.:

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

Aggregate, which does not react chemically with

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

02: Classification of Aggregates

2 400-3 000 km/m3

3. By size (commonly used)

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

03: Function of Aggregates

2. Modify properties of concrete

3. Reduce drying shrinkage

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

04: Grading of Aggregates

Grading is used to describe the proportions of different

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

To speed up or retard setting and hardening.

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

02: Types of Admixture and Uses

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

6. Concrete Colour Agents

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

universiti kebangsaan malaysia

The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in