Termodinamica de

Hidrocarburos
Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Oil & Gas Properties From
Correlations

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Methods to Evaluate Fluid

Properties
Two main models to quantify real
oil and gas volumes
Black Oil models
Compositional models

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Methods to Evaluate Fluid

Properties
Model Formulations

y1, y2 , y3...yn

O, G

x1, x2 , x3...xn

Black Oil
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Compositional
3

Methods to Evaluate Fluid

Properties
Compositional Model
Oil and gas are mixtures of several
components
All components may be present in liquid
and gas phases
Volumetric properties function (P,T,
compositions) are evaluated using an
Equation of State (EOS) for all phases.
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Phase Behavior and Fluid

Properties
Black Oil Model
Has only two components named as the
phases: Gas (G) and Oil (O).
G may be dissolved in the oil phase and
accounted by the solution gas oil ratio (Rs).
O cannot dissolve in the gas phase.
Phase volumetric properties determined
from separate correlations
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Classification of Reservoirs based

on Phase Diagram
Gas Reservoirs (Single Phase)
Gas Condensate Reservoirs (DewPoint Reservoirs):
Undersaturated Solution-Gas
Reservoirs (Bubble-Point
Reservoirs):
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Phase Diagram of a
Dry Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

Pressure

CP
Path of Production

Separator Conditions

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Temperature

Phase Diagram of a
Wet Gas Reservoir

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Phase Diagram of a
Retrograde Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

P ressu re

CP

Path of Production

Separator Conditions

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Temperature

Phase Diagram of a
Volatile Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

Pressure

CP
Path of Production

Separator Conditions
75%
50%

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Temperature

25%

10

Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

P re s s u re

Path of Production

75%

CP

50%
25%

Separator Conditions

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Temperature

11

Phase envelopes of mixtures with different

proportions of same HC components

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12

Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1

48.83

64.36

87.07

95.85

86.67

C2

2.75

7.52

4.39

2.67

7.77

C3

1.93

4.74

2.29

0.34

2.95

C4

1.60

4.12

1.74

0.52

1.73

C5

1.15

3.97

0.83

0.08

0.88

C6

1.59

3.38

0.60

0.12

42.15

11.91

3.80

0.42

225

181

112

157

625

2000

18,200

105,000

34.3

50.1

60.8

54.7

Medium
Orange

Light
Straw

Water
White

C7

MwC7

GOR
o

Tank API

Liquid
Greenish
Color
Black
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13

Components of Typical Petroleum Gases

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14

Typical Crude Oil Fractions

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15

Classification of Reservoirs based

on Production and PVT data
(see updated rules Mc Cain SPE
paper)
DRY GAS RESERVOIRS:
GOR greater than 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid produced at surface

WET GAS RESERVOIRS:

GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid is formed in the reservoir
Separator conditions lie within phase envelope
and liquid is produced at surface
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16

Classification of Reservoirs based

on Production and PVT data
GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS:
GOR between 70,000-100,000 SCF/STB
Density greater than 60 API
Light in color
C7+ composition < 12.5%

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17

Classification of Reservoirs based

on Production and PVT data
VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS:
GOR between1,000-8,000 SCF/STB
Density between 45-60 API
Oil FVF greater than 2.00 (high
shrinkage oils)
Light brown to green in color
C7+ composition > 12.5%
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18

Classification of Reservoirs based

on Production and PVT data
BLACK OIL RESERVOIRS:
GOR less than 1,000 SCF/STB
Density less than 45 API
Reservoir temperatures less than 250 F
Oil FVF less than 2.00 (low shrinkage
oils)
Dark green to black in color
C7+ composition > 30%

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19

Additional Guidelines

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20

Fluid Properties for Black-Oil

Reservoir Simulation
Oil and Gas Properties
oil formation volume factor
Bo [=] res bbl/STB
gas formation factor
Bg [=] cu ft/SCF or res bbl/SCF
total formation volume factor
Bt [=] res bbl/STB
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21

Fluid Properties for Black-Oil

Reservoir Simulation
Oil and Gas Properties
solution gas-oil ratio
Rs [=] SCF/STB
oil and gas viscosities
o, g [=] cp
compressibility and thermal expansion
coefficients.
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22

Typical pressure, &

temperature ranges
Location

Pressure Temperature (oF)

(psia)

Reservoir
Separator
Stock tank
Standard
Conditions

500-10,000
100-600
14.7
14.7

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100-300 (500+ thermal)

75-150
Ambient
60

23

DRY GAS RESERVOIRS:

GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid produced at surface
Mostly methane

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24

Standard Conditions
Unify volumes to common grounds for
sales and regulatory purposes
T = 60 0F
P = 14.65 15.025 (State dependent)
Then
VM = RTsc/Psc

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25

Reservoir Engineering Properties

of Dry Gases
Gas formation volume factor Bg

Reservoir Conditions
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Standard Conditions
26

Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]
Volume of an arbitrary amount
of gas at reservoir T & P
Volume of SAME amount at
standard T & P

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VR
Bg
V SC
27

Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

ZnRT
P
Bg
Z SC nRTSC
PSC
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28

Gas Formation Volume Factor

(McCain)

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29

Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

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30

Viscosity Definition & Units

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to
flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm

Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,

units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc
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31

Reservoir Engineering Properties

of Dry Gases
Gas Viscosity
100 oF

Viscosity (cp)

150 oF
200 oF

200 oF

T increasing

150 oF
100 oF

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Pressure

32

Viscosity of Ethane (from McCain

book)

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33

Viscosity of Gases at
Atmospheric Pressure

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34

Viscosity of Gas Mixtures

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35

Example

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36

Example
Read Molecular Weights
Read Viscosities figure 6-7
Apply formula

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37

Gas Viscosity if Composition

is Unknown

Still at atmospheric
pressure!

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38

Viscosity Corrections

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39

Viscosity of Gases at High

Pressure

= ratio* at

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40

Viscosity of Gases at High

Pressure
make sure
you check
the
specific
gravity
range

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41

Accuracy for Viscosity

Correlations?
At low Ppr and low gravities + 2%
Agreement is less accurate as
specific gravity increases (fig. 6-12
has about 20% accuracy)

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42

Isothermal Compressibility
Definition

1
C g PA , TA
V

V
P

TA

Derivative is evaluated at constant T =

TA and specified pressure P = PA
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43

Isothermal Gas Compressibility

TA

TB

1 V1 V2
C g PA , TA

Vave P1 P2

TA

P1
PA
P2

V1

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V2
Vave= (V1+V2)/2

44

Isothermal Compressibility (Cg)

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45

Isothermal Compressibility
Using ideal gas equation

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46

Isothermal Compressibility
Using real gas equation

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47

Gas
Compressibility

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48

Properties of Black Oils

Definitions

Material summarized from

McCain book

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49

Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

P re s s u re

Path of Production

75%

CP

50%
25%

Separator Conditions

01/23/17

Temperature

50

Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo
Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt
Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co

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51

Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion o
Oil Viscosity o
Interfacial Tension

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52

Learning Goals
Understand the behavior of those PVT
properties (Bo,Rs,) vs P and type of
fluid
Evaluate PVT properties from
Field data
Laboratory studies
Correlations
Equations of State
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53

Definitions
Specific gravity of a liquid

o ( P1 , T1 )
o
w ( P1 , T1 )
API gravity
o

141.5
API
131.5
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o

54

Definitions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil

Surface (Ps,Ts)

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Gas out of
Solution

55

Reservoir (P,T)

Definitions

Bo =

Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas at

Reservoir Pressure & Temperature
Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc, Psc

Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)

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56

General Shape of Bo
Reservoir T = constant

Bo

Pb
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Reservoir Pressure

57

Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)

How much gas is dissolved in the oil
volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure
Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil

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58

General Shape of Solution Gas

Oil Ratio (Rs)
Reservoir T = constant

Rs

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Pb
Reservoir Pressure

59

Total Formation Volume Factor Bt

Pb
Oil
Hg
01/23/17

Bob

Gas
Oil

Bg(Rsb-Rs)

Bo

Hg
60

Definition of Bt
Also called Two-phase formation
volume factor

Bt Bo Bg Rsb Rs
Units
bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)
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61

General Shape of Bt
Reservoir T = constant

Bo, Bt

Bt
Bt=Bo
Bo
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Pb
Reservoir Pressure

62

Standard
Conditions

Rv =
Separator gas

Separator gas

Separator gas

Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties

Bg =

STB

gas

P4

P3

gas

gas

oil

oil

Reservoir
P2

P1

oil

oil

STB

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Standard
Conditions

Separator gas

Separator gas

Decreasing Pressure

oil
Bo=

STB

R s=

STB

63

The Coefficient of Isothermal

Compressibility of Oil
Provides Instantaneous change of
volume with P at constant T

1
Co PA , TA
V

V
P

TA

Total, molar or specific volume

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64

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

(Use in Steam Injection Processes)

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65

Oil Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to
flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm

Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,

units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc
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66

Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity

Calculation of two-phase flow
Gas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from
natural depletion or from recovery
techniques such as waterflooding
and gas-injection processes

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67

Separation and
Storage Facilities
HC Gas
Injection
from Pipeline
or Recycle

Injection
Well

1 Oil Zone

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Production Well

Oil Bank /

2 Miscible Front

68

Variation of Oil Viscosity

Oil Viscosity

T = constant
Gas Out of
Solution

Two Phase Flow

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Single Phase Flow

Pb

69

Fluid Properties for Reservoir

Engineering
The fluid properties of interest are the those that
affect the fluid mobility these are used in material
balance calculations
PVT properties are determined from 5 specific lab
procedures
Flash liberation tests
Differential Liberation Tests
Viscosity Measurements
Separator Tests
Compositional measurements

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70

Fluid Properties Determined

Oil Properties
Bubble Point Pressure
Bo
Rs
Bt
Co and o

Gas properties
z
Bg and g

Compositions oil & gas

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71

Constant Compostion
Expansion test (CCE)
Also called flash vaporization test

t1

oil

V t3 = V b

t2

oil

gas
V
oil

gas
V

t4

t5

oil
oil

Hg

Hg

Hg

Hg
Hg

P 1 >> P

P2 > P

P3 = P

P4 < P

P5 <P

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72
Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature

Flash Vaporization Test or CCE

Properties determined
Pb
Co

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73

Determination of Pb

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74

Determination of Co

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75

2.Differential Liberation Test

Gas off
1

2
gas

oil

Hg

oil

oil

gas
oil

Hg

gas
oil

Hg

Hg
P1 = Pb

P2 < Pb

oil
Hg

P2 < Pb

P2 < P b

P3 < P

< Pb

Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature

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76

2.Differential Liberation (or

Separation) Test
Properties Determined
Oil formation volume factor at the Bubble
Point pressure Bodb and below the bubble point
pressure Bod
Solution gas-oil ratio at the Bubble Point
pressure Rsdb and below the bubble point
pressure Rsd
Isothermal compressibility (derived property)

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77

3. Separator Tests

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78

3. Separator Tests
Goals: Maximize API, minimize BoSb &
RsSb

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79

Optimization of Separator 2
Conditions
3300

2.86

Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)

3280

2.84

3260
2.82

3240
2.80

3220
3200

2.78

3180
3160
50

01/23/17

o
T
= 75 F 2.76
Sep2

100

150

200

Separator 2 Pressure (psia)

250

300

Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

High Pressure Separator @ 900 psia and 100 F

80

Comparison between 1 & 2

Separators Stages (volatile oil)
2.96

3440
One Separator Stage

3420

2.94

3400
2.92

3380
3360

Low Pressure Separator @ 300 psia and 75F

o
TSep1 = 160 F

400

01/23/17

500

600

700

800

Separator 1 Pressure (psia)

2.90
900

Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)

3460

1000

81

Typical PVT Properties for a Black

Oil and a Volatile Oil
3.2
3.0

Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

o
T =180 F
R

Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Black Oil Correlation

2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0

P
b

P
b
0

01/23/17

1000

2000

3000

Pressure (psia)

4000

5000

82

Typical PVT Properties for a Black

Oil and a Volatile Oil
4000

o
T =180 F
R

Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)

Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Black Oil Correlation

3000

2000

1000

P
b

01/23/17

1000

2000
3000
Pressure (psia)

P
b

4000

5000

83

Nomenclature

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84

Water in Petroleum Engineering

Presence of Water
Connate Water
Aquifer
Production
Well Log Analysis
Injection
Water Treatment
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85

Water in Petroleum Engineering

Formation Water (Brine) Properties
Solubility of Gas in Water
Water Compressibility
Water Formation Volume Factor
Water Viscosity
Chemical Properties
Resistivity
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86

Chemical Analysis of Water

All formation water contains dissolved

ions. The ions may be classified into two
groups. Positively charged, or cations,
and negatively charged or anions, these
ions proceed from salts in solution and
conduct electricity offering more or less
resistance depending upon the salt
concentration (property used in electric
logs).
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87

Chemical Analysis of Water

Formation waters are neutral, that is
positive and negative charges
balance
Require brine compatibility with
injection fluids (clay swelling,
precipitations)

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88

Additional PVT Tests

Chromatography
Swelling tests (miscibility tests) by
gas injection
See notes (and given references) for
chomatography techniques and
additional material for this module
Click to see an animation of separation.
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89

Chromatography Principles &

Applications
Know what are the principles of
operation of a chromatograph
Learn the different types and capabilities
of chromatographs
Calibration fluids
Components of a GC / HPLC
How to interpret/read chromatographs
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90

Reading Material

Files
Visco models.pdf
Reservoir Fluid Classificationguidelines.pdf
Viscosity-MAB-Dominique.pdf

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91