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in S.I Engine
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ETHANOL
BLENDING
ALCOHOL FUMIGATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
INTRODUCTION
In this century, it is believed that crude oil and petroleum products will
become very scarce and costly.
LIQUID FUELS:
Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are easy to store
and have reasonably good calorific value. The main alternative is the
alcohol .
ALCOHOL:
Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because they can be obtained from
both natural and manufactured sources. Methanol and ethanol are two
kinds of alcohols that seem most promising.
E85
E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, by volume.
Ethanol derived from crops (bioethanol) is a biofuel.
It as a fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common
in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is
the primary source material for ethanol fuel production.
E85 is usually used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations of
ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are designed to run on any mixture of
gasoline or ethanol with up to 85% ethanol by volume.
Ethanol
HOW IS IT MADE NOW?
HISTORICALLY MADE FROM CORN AND OTHER STARCH SOURCES OR
FROM NATURAL SUGARS BY FERMENTATION
COMMON SOURCES INCLUDE RICE, POTATO, CASSAVA PLUS CORN
AND OTHER GRAINS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS WAS VERY ENERGY-INTENSIVE, BUT IS NOW
LESS SO IN MOST MODERN PLANTS, DUE TO ADVANCES IN
DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY
BLENDING
Automobile fuels are oxygenated in order to reduce air pollution.
In addition, removal of lead from gasoline renewed interest in ethanol as octane
booster.
While E10/E15 is intended for all automobiles, a blend called E85 is intended
for flex fuel vehicles. E85 can be as high as 30% gasoline in cold climates in
winter . The principle reason for blending some gasoline into ethanol for flex fuel
vehicles is to improve cold cranking in cold weather.
Ethanol is separated from the water in which it is produced via a process called
distillation. The distillation process does not remove all of the water. Having
some water mixed in with the fuel is actually improves performance of an internal
combustion engine, as the water provides extra mass to absorb the heat of
combustion and turn it into high pressure steam for mechanical energy.
However, water and gasoline dont mix well , so the water must be removed when
producing ethanol-gasoline blends.
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1. Octane rating
Octane rating is a standard measure of the
performance of an engine .
Three common octane ratings for
motor fuels:
(R+M/2) method
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2. Burning Rate
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4. Energy Value
Alcohol Fumigation
Fumigation is a method by which alcohol is
introduced into the engine by carbureting,
vaporizing or injecting the alcohol into the
intake air stream. This requires the
addition of a carburetor, vaporizer or
injector, along with a separate fuel tank,
lines and controls.
Fumigation can substitute alcohol for diesel fuel. Up to 50% of the fuel
energy can be derived from alcohol by fumigation
ADVANTAGES:
It is a high octane fuel with anti-knock index numbers of
over 100.Engines using high octane fuel can run more
efficiently by using higher compression ratios. Alcohols
have higher flame speed.
It produces less overall emissions compared to
gasoline.
When alcohols are burned, it forms more moles of
exhaust gases, which gives higher pressure and more
power in the expansion stroke.
It has high latent heat of vaporization which results in a
cooler intake process. This raises the volumetric
efficiency of the engine and reduces the required work
input in the compression stroke.
Alcohols have low sulphur content in the fuel.
DISADVANTAGES:
Alcohols have low energy content or in other words the calorific
value of the fuel is less.
With equal thermal efficiency and similar engine output usage,
twice as much fuel would have to be purchased.
Even with the low energy content of the fuel, engine power for a
given displacement would be about the same. This is because of
the lower air-fuel ratio needed by alcohol.
Alcohol contains oxygen and thus requires less air for
stoichiometric combustion. More fuel can be burned with the
same amount of air.
Alcohol is much more corrosive than gasoline on copper,
brass, aluminum, rubber, and many plastics. This puts some
restrictions on the design and manufacturing of engines to be
used with this fuel. Methanol is very corrosive on metals.
DIFFICULTI
ES
Extensive research and development is difficult to justify
until the fuels are accepted as viable for large numbers of
engines.
Most alternate fuels are very costly at present since the
quantity used is very less.
There is lack of distribution points (service stations) where
fuel is available to the public.
CONCLUSION
I Would sum up the whole presentation into few lines saying that
reducing fossil fuels in the near future would be a great loss to
mankind if we are not able to find out any alternative for it and I
found alcohol to be effective as it can be produced easily and the
flexible fuel vehicle will be proved to be of great advantage.
THANK YOU