Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Equipment
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
1
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Type of refrigeration
Assessment of refrigeration and AC
Energy efficiency opportunities
2
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
How does
it work?
Heat Rejected
Work Input
Heat Absorbed
Low Temperature Reservoir
3
UNEP 2006
Introduction
How does it work?
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
2)
3)
4)
5)
Indoor air
loop
Chilled
water loop
Refrigerant
loop
Condenser
water loop
Cooling
water loop
4
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
AC Systems
AC options / combinations:
Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)
Split air conditioners
Fan coil units in a larger system
Air handling units in a larger system
5
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
(50
250 TR)
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
7
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Type of refrigeration
Assessment of refrigeration and AC
Energy efficiency opportunities
8
UNEP 2006
Types of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Refrigeration systems
Vapour Compression
Refrigeration (VCR): uses
mechanical energy
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
(VAR): uses thermal energy
9
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
12
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Refrigeration
3
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
13
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Refrigeration
3
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
14
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Refrigeration
Refrigeration cycle
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
15
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Refrigeration cycle
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
16
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Generator
Hot
Side
Evaporator
Cold
Side
Absorber
19
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
20
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
21
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
22
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
23
UNEP 2006
Type of Refrigeration
Evaporative Cooling
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Hot Air
Cold
Air
(Adapted from
Munters, 2001)
24
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Type of refrigeration
Assessment of refrigeration and AC
Energy efficiency opportunities
25
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Assessment of Refrigeration
Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration
1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected
TR is assessed as:
TR = Q xCp x (Ti To) / 3024
Q=
Cp =
Ti =
To =
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Assessment of Refrigeration
Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR)
Indicator of refrigeration systems
performance
kW/TR of centralized chilled water
system is sum of
Compressor kW/TR
Chilled water pump kW/TR
Condenser water pump kW/TR
Cooling tower fan kW/TR
27
UNEP 2006
Te / (Tc - Te)
28
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Assessment of Refrigeration
Measure
Calculate TR
TR
Q h in h out
3024
30
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
: 0.1 TR/m2
Accuracy of measurements
Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenser
water
Flow of chilled and condenser water
Introduction
Type of refrigeration
Assessment of refrigeration and AC
Energy efficiency opportunities
33
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Evaporator
Temperature (0C)
Refrigeration
Capacity*(tons)
Specific Power
Consumption (kW/TR)
Increase
kW/TR (%)
5.0
67.58
0.81
0.0
56.07
0.94
16.0
-5.0
45.98
1.08
33.0
-10.0
37.20
1.25
54.0
-20.0
23.12
1.67
106.0
Condensing
Temperature (0C)
Refrigeration
Capacity (tons)
Specific Power
Consumption (kW /TR)
Increase
kW/TR (%)
26.7
31.5
1.17
35.0
21.4
1.27
8.5
40.0
20.0
1.41
20.5
36
UNEP 2006
3. Selection of condensers
Options:
Tc
(0C)
Refrigeration
Capacity* (TR)
Specific
Power
Consumption
(kW/TR)
Normal
7.2
40.5
17.0
0.69
Dirty condenser
7.2
46.1
15.6
0.84
20.4
Dirty evaporator
1.7
40.5
13.8
0.82
18.3
Dirty condenser
and evaporator
1.7
46.1
12.7
0.96
38.7
Condition
Increase
kW/TR
(%)
39
UNEP 2006
Suited for
Low temp applications with high
compression
Wide temperature range
Two types for all compressor types
Compound
Cascade
40
UNEP 2006
a. Compound
Single refrigerant
b. Cascade
UNEP 2006
42
UNEP 2006
Speed control
Reciprocating compressors: ensure
lubrication system is not affected
Centrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity
43
UNEP 2006
Temperature monitoring
Reciprocating compressors: return water (if
varying loads), water leaving chiller
(constant loads)
Centrifugal compressors: outgoing water
temperature
Screw compressors: outgoing water
temperature
44
UNEP 2006
UNEP 2006
Flow control
Reduced flow
Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods
46
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
48
UNEP 2006
49
UNEP 2006
Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC