Any irregularity in

arrangement of atoms
in lattice or
Any deviation from
ordered
pattern of arrangement in
solids is called defect
1

Point defects

Defects
Line defects
2

Point defects : irregularity around

one lattice
point
Line defect : irregularity in entire
row of lattice
point
3

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
Defects in
Solids

In metals
Vacancy
defects

In ionic solid

Interstitial
defects
Stoichiometry

Stoichiometric

Schottky
4
Defect

Frenkel Defect

Non stoichiometry

NON Stoichiometric

METAL
EXCESS

METAL
DEFICIENT

1 stoichiometry defects :
a) stoichiometry is retained
b) Formula will remain same
2 Non stoichiometry defects:
a) stoichiometry is disturbed
b) Formula will change
5

Interstitial
defects
6

Vacancy
defects
7

Schottky
Defect

equivelent no of opposite ions

are missing from unit cell
Density will decrease
Common in compounds with
similar
size of opposite ions
8
[ compound with high Co. No.]
NaCl, KCl, CsCl and AgBr

+
+

--

--

Frenkel Defect

+
Dislocation of one ion into an interstitial
[empty space] within unit cell
No effect on density
Common in comp. with larger difference
9 of ions ZnS, AgCl, AgBr
in size

--

Metal excess by
anion vacancy

F Centres
Free electrons trapped in the site of
anion vcancies.
Electrons are responsible for colour
of the solid.
10
Due to this KCl crystal exhibits
violet colour.

e-

--

Metal excess by
extra cation

+
e-

M+

11

--

Metal deficient by
missing cation

12

2+

--

Metal deficient by
missing cation
2+

2-

2+

22-

2+

2-

2+

2+

2-

NiO

2+

2-

+
2

13

+
2

2+

2-

2-

2+

2+
2-

2-

Ni0.98O

2+

+
2
2-

2+

2-

Impurity Defects

Impurity Defects
+

Sr2+

Impurity Defects

NaCl doped with SrCl2

Na
+

14

Na
+

--

identify the defect ?

15

Schottky defe

identify the defect ?

16

Metal excess defect

F centre

identify the defect ?

17

vacancy defect

identify the defect ?

18

interstitial defect

identify the defect ?

19

impurity substitution defect

identify the defect ?

a) schottky
b) fenkel

 Which defect decreases density

Schottky
Which defect increases density
Interstitial
Which defect impart colours in
alkali halides
Metal excess defect [f centre]
21

 (i)Conductors:
Conductance =104 to 107 ohm1m1
Metals have conductivities

(ii) Insulators :
These are the solids with very low conductivities
between 1020 to 1010 ohm1m1.

(iii) Semiconductors :
intermediate range from 106 to 104 ohm1m1.

Metallic bonding
electron sea model
Band Theory

Electron sea model

Band Theory
Consider a molecule with two atom
There must be two molecular orbitals will be formed from
these atomic orbitals:
one bonding and one anti-bonding, separated by a certain
energy.

Band Theory
If this is expanded to a molecule with three
atoms, assuming 1 atomic orbital for each, then
the result must be that 3 molecular orbitals will
be formed.

 Now , let's take it to 10 atoms.

This will produce 10 molecular orbitals: 5 bonding and 5 anti-bonding.
As the number of molecular orbitals increases, the energy difference between the
lowest bonding and the highest anti-bondig increases,
while the space between each individual orbital decreases.

Conductivity according to MOT

is related to ease of availability of
conduction [empty band ] band for
movement of electrons from
valance band
1.valance band :
highest occupied band
2. Conduction band :
lowest un occupied band

Valence Band Theory

Metallic Conductor:
electrical conductivity decreases as the temperature is raised.
as the atoms vibrate more vigorously, passing electrons collide
with the vibrating atoms,

Semiconductor:
in which the electrical conductivity increases as the temperature is
raised.
There are two types of semiconductors:
1 n-type and
2 p-type (see schematic below).

According to MOT the substance in which band gap is intermediate of

Conductors and insulator
and small as well, which make promotion of electron from valance
band to conduction band possible

Energy gap of semiconducter

DOPING
Semi conductivity can be enhanced
by adding few extra element [guest element]
which give their band in b/w conduction and
valance band of host element called DOPING
And make bridge to promote electrons from
valance band to conduction band

Semiconductor:
on the basis of current carrier are of two types

1. n-type Semiconductor
2 . p-type Semiconductor

n-type Semiconductor
Doping with an element of extra valence electrons into a
system.
There is NO extra room for these electrons in the valence
band; consequently, they are promoted into the conduction
band, where they have access to many vacant orbitals
within the energy band they occupy and serve as electrical
carriers
e.g.
Silicon (4v es-)doped with phosphorous(5 ves-)
In general 14 th group element with 15th group element
:

p-type Semiconductor:
: Doping with an element of less electrons in order to
create electron vacancies or positive holes in the
system. Because the valence band is incompletely
filled, under the influence of an applied field, electrons
can move from occupied molecular orbitals to the few
that are vacant, thereby allowing current to flow.
e.g.
Silicon (4 ves-)doped with aluminium (3 ves-)
In general 14th group element with 13th group element