WHY HIGH RISE STRUCTURE IN OUR URBAN AREA IS GAINING

IMPORTANCE ? SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLE ??

Definition of a high rise building:
A high rise building (Tower) is defined to be a building which total height
exceeds 36m or more than 12 floors and its use varies between
residential, administrative or as a hotel. Except for height is always a
relative matter and a building cant be defined using the term of height
only, where judging on a building depends on the conditions of the
surrounding environment, so its not possible to set a precise definition to
high rise buildings. But from the structural point of view it can be defined
as the building that its height will be affected by lateral forces resulting
from earth quakes & wind forces to the extent that such forces will play a
major role in the process of design.
Why high rise:
High rise buildings have always fascinated the minds of people since the
start of its construction in the ancient times. The construction of such
buildings began in the ancient times for defensive purposes or religious
purposes (roman temples, pharaonic, churches). But in the modern
era construction of such project began in the eighties of the nineteenth
century for the purpose of either residential or administrative, then it
became to meet the requirements of hotels & other touristic needs as
well.

Reasons for taking the trend of constructing high rise

buildings (Towers): (1)
There are many reasons to establish a high rise building investment
project. And they are as
follows:
- Rapid growth of population in urban communities, and therefore the
constant pressure of the limited land area affected the evolution of
building.
- Expensive land prices.
- Restriction of random expansion in major cities adjacent to
agricultural land.
- The high cost of setting up infrastructure for new cities.
- Expression of progress and civilization.
And there are many other factors, for example the city of Rio de
Janeiro & Hong Kong, they had other specific reasons such as terrains
conditions or the lack of land area like the United Arab Emirates and
others.

the Empire
State building in New York

Ques.2)CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING:
In terms of technology, there are certain crucial guidelines when planning the
tall building.
Many high rise building are being constructed in India in which different latest
technology are used for construction and also the concept of green technology
are being updated.
Steel technology and reinforce cement concrete are mostly used for the
construction of the high rise building.
The high strength cement are being used for the high rise building construction
as then the ordinary cement.
In most of the high rise building the cement blocks are being used for the walls
construction.
The different machine are being used for the easy construction of high rise
building.
The ready mix concrete are being used.

Slipforming is an economical, rapid

and accurate method of constructing
reinforced concrete. At its most basic
level, slipforming is a type of movable
formwork which is slowly raised,
allowing the continuous extrusion of

LIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION

CLIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION

is an economical, rapid and accurate
method of constructing reinforced
concrete, or post-tensioned
concrete structures. At its most basic
level, slipforming is a type of movable
formwork which is slowly raised,

TABLE FORM/ FLYING FORM

A table form/flying form is a large
pre-assembled formwork and
falsework unit, often forming a
complete bay of suspended floor slab.
It offers mobility and quick
installation for construction projects
with regular plan layouts or long
repetitive structures, so is highly
suitable for flat slab, and beam and
slab layouts.
It is routinely used for residential
flats, hotels, hostels, offices and
commercial buildings.

SYSTEM COLUMN FORMWORK

The column formwork systems now available are
normally modular in nature and allow quick assembly
and erection on-site while minimising labour and
crane time.
They are available in steel, aluminium and even
cardboard
(not reusable but recycled) and have a variety of
internal face surfaces depending on the concrete
finish required.
Innovations have led to adjustable, reusable column
forms
which can be clamped on-site to give different column
sizes..

VERTICAL PANEL SYSTEMS

Crane-lifted panel systems are
commonly used on building sites to
form vertical elements and usually
consist of a steel frame with plywood,
steel, plastic or composite facing
material.
The systems are normally modular in
nature, assembly times and labour
costs are considerably lower than
traditional formwork methods with far
fewer components
required.
They offer greater opportunities for
reuse for
different applications on site.
Panel systems are extremely flexible
and the larger crane-lifted versions
can be used for constructing standard

JUMP FORM SYSTEMS

Generally, jump form systems comprise the
formwork and working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel fixing
and concreting.
The formwork supports itself on the
concrete cast earlier so does not rely on
support or access
from other parts of the building or
permanent works.
Jump form, here taken to include systems
often
described as climbing form, is suitable for
construction
of multi-storey vertical concrete elements in
high-rise
structures, such as shear walls, core walls,
lift shafts, stair shafts and bridge pylons.
These are constructed in a staged process.
It is a highly productive system designed to

TUNNEL FORM
Tunnel form is used to form
repetitive cellular structures,
and is widely recognised as a
modern innovation that
enables the construction of
horizontal and vertical
elements (walls and floors)
together.
Significant productivity
benefits have been achieved
by using tunnel form to
construct cellular
buildings such as hotels, lowand high-rise housing, hostels,
student accommodation,
prison and barracks
accommodation.

Write detailed note on aesthetic in high rise buildings ?

STRUCTURAL
EVOLUTION
AND
ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION
The
natural
monumentality
of
skyscrapers resulting from their scale
makes
their
ARCHITECTURAL
EXPRESSION very significant in any
URBAN CONTEXT where they soar.
Thus, constructing any tall building
requires careful studies on AESTHETIC
ADEQUACY of the new structure within
the existing urban context.

 TRADITIONAL BRACED FRAMES:

the braces the main lateral stiffness provider
were generally limited within the interior
cores,
and
serve
only
for
structural
performance:SO NO AESTHETIC EXPRESSIONS
But the emergence of the exterior-braced
tubular structures such as the John Hancock
Center
in
Chicago
gave
and
external
architectural expression to the facade

Discuss in detail four stages of development in high rise

buildings ?
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
The following are some of the basic considerations
required during the construction planning
process.
- Statutory Obligation
- Contractual Obligation
- Social Obligation
- Site Characteristics
Statutory obligation would include the compliance with Building Regulation
/ Building
Ordinance and Approved Plan. It is the duty of the main contractors to
provide continuous
Site Supervision and to notify Buildings Department any contravention of
regulations that
would result from carrying out the works shown in approved drawings. Asides
from
the
Department,
Environmental Protection Department, Fire Services
above, this would
also include
the compliance of Chapter 123 Building
Department,
Electrical
and
Ordinance, Practice
Mechanical
Engineering Services Department, and etc.
Notes for Registered Contractor, Authorized Person and Structural Engineer,

Contractual Obligation
Contractual obligation is the commitment between the Contractor and the
Employer in
delivering the services as accordance to the terms and conditions as laid
out in the contract
Social
obligation
documents.
This would also include special terms and conditions required
Social
obligation
by the
Employerinvolves the care of workers on site and neighbors or
public
outside
together
withsite
design assumptions and requirements from the Architects
boundary.
For the workers, we have to provide a safe working
and Engineers.
environment together with all necessary welfare facilities for all workers
working on site and to ensure they are getting paid from the respective
employers in a timely manner. In taking care of the neighborhood, it has
always been the concerns of main contractors in minimizing nuisance and
impacts to all nearby residents and pedestrians or road users during the
course of construction. Besides the care of workers and neighborhood,
sustainability is also one of the upcoming key issues in the construction
industry. On the corporate side, it stresses on long-term growth and
development. Whilst on the environmental aspect we need to look into
new ways and methods in minimizing impact to the environment via
noise management, energy
management, materials and waste, and look into project life-cycle from
design ideas
throughout construction, operation and maintenance to decommissioning
and renewal.

Site Characteristics
Every projects in Hong Kong are different and having its own characteristics
in view of its
own geographical location, nature of works, time of construction, peoples
knowledge and
skill-set. Construction planning is somehow tailor made to suit the site
characteristics or
constraints and is a one-off exercise, which is not fully applicable to other
identical projects
although the concept may be the same.

qstn4.) write note on psychological and economical aspects of high

rise buildings.??
Psychological
Aspects
Earthquake leaves behind a long lasting impression on the human's mind
and may adversely affect the growth of the person who has experienced
an earthquake (3). The psychological effects of an earthquake can be
broadly classified in two categories viz. long term effects and short term
effects. The intensity of short -term effect is more but its duration ranges
from a minute to an hour depending on the mental status of the individual.
The number of victims is less as far as this type of disorder is concerned
but it is dangerous to certain extent as it may result in serious
psychological disorders like madness or even may cause heart failure.
Long- term effects are those, which sustain for a period longer than one
hour and so on. Their intensity is comparatively less but their effect is
depend
on theand
ageconsiderable
group, mental
up the
of the victims while economic status is
more serious
as set
far as
also
onehealth
of theof
aspects
as observed
in the past
earthquakes.
Victims
mental
the individuals
is concerned
who
have survived
an are found
having
AcuteThese
Stresseffects
Disorders,
Post Traumatic Disorder, Adjustment Disorders
earthquake.
basically
and Depression, in a large number of cases as observed in the last
earthquakes. The psychological impact of an earthquake has direct concern not
only with the mental health of children below 5 years but also with their
growth, which is not normal as noticed in a number of the cases. Many children
were got affected with depression and lost the valuable period of learning and
growth. Number of children affected by such type of disorders is although less,
but seriousness of the problems is more. Fig.3 and 4 illustrates the
psychological disorders amongst adults and children respectively.

QSTN5.)WRITE THE DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON FIRE SAFETY IN HIGH

RISE BUILDINGS. DISCUSS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE METHODS OF FIRE
PROTECTION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS .?
WIDTH OF ROAD
The road which abuts a High rise building to be constructed shall
be more then 12 meter width.The road should be hard
surfaced to carry a minimum weight of 18,000 Kgs, the
maximum weight ofENTRANCE
a Fire Engine.
WIDTH & HEIGHT
CLEARANCE
Every High rise building should have at least 2 means of
access, one remote to the other, of minimum width 4.5m.
with height clearance of 5m. This minimum width is essential
to facilitate free movement of fire units.
SETBACK OR OPEN SPACES
1/3 OF TOTAL HEIGHT OF BUILDING
Sufficient open space (setbacks) around residential buildings,
movement and operation of Fire Service vehicles.

Car Parking in Setback / Open

Spaces.
If the setback area / open spaces is more then 12 meter, the
provision for car parking
Can be done in the setback or open spaces at the periphery of the
courtyard leaving the 6CAR
meter
motorable road.
PARKING
Car Parking shall have to be done at the basement with provision for
minimum 2 ramps one remote to other.
STAIRCASES
a) Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of
Staircases.
b) Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.
C)
For residential
building
width
of staircases
1 mtr.
d) Out
of 2 staircases,
1 can
be used
as a fire should
escapebe
staircase.
e) Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter.
f) Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances.
LIFTS
a) Minimum 1 lift capable of carrying minimum 8 persons weighing 545 kgs.
Shall be provided for every high rise building.
b) Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall have a fire
resistance of 1 hour.
c) 1 lift shall be designed as a Fire Lift
d)
Fireman
Switch
shall
be provided
for each lift.
e) Lifts
shall not
be used
as means
ofevacuation.
f) Collapsible gates shall not be provided forthe lift.

WET RISER CUM DOWN

COMMER SYSTEM
Wet riser : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the
building connected to a bottom tank(underground water tank).
Down Commer : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of
the building)
Dry
riser :to
Itaisoverhead
a vertical
pipe which is always kept dry to avoid the
connected
tank.
freezing of water.
Hydrant : It is a horizontal pipe line with outlet of 63 mm. dia. connected
to
underground
water tank.
FIRE
ALARM SYSTEM
Manually operated Electrical fire alarm system
Automatic Fire Alarm System
Depending on the occupancy, M.O.E.F.A.
system or automatic operated system shall
be provided in the building.
Every building more than 15m in height
shall provide both I.e. M.O.E.F.A &
A.F.A.

PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Openings in Separating walls and Floors (for all types of
construction)
Fire Stops/Enclosure of Openings
Air-conditioning/Ventilation (dampers)
Surface of Flame Spread definitions
Glazing/Skylights (Wired Glass)
Active fire protection
Active Fire Protection (AFP)is an integral part of
fire protection. AFP is characterised by items and/orsystems,
which require a certain amount of motion and response in order
to work, contrary
topassive
fire protection.
Categories
of Active
Fire Protection.
Fire suppression
Fire can be controlled or extinguished, either manually (firefighting)
or automatically. Manual control includes the use of a
fire extinguisheror a Standpipe system. Automatic control means
can include a firesprinklersystem, a gaseous clean agent, or
firefighting foam system. Automatic suppression systems would
usually be found in large commercial kitchens or other high-risk
areas.

Sprinkler systems
Fire sprinklersystems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial
and residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are
connected to a reliable water source, most commonly city water. A
typical sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a
glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the
water from the sprinkler head. This means that only the sprinkler head
at the fire location operates - not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a
building. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby
Fire
detection
increasing
life safety and limiting structural damage
Fire is detected either by locating thesmoke,flameorheat, and an
alarm is sounded to enableemergency evacuationas well as to
dispatch the localfire department. An introduction to fire detection
and suppression can be foundhere. Where a detection system is
activated, it can be programmed to carry out other actions. These
include de-energising magnetic hold open devices onFire doorsand
opening servo-actuated
vents in stairways.
Hypoxic
air fire prevention
Fire can be prevented by hypoxic air.Hypoxic air fire prevention systems,
also known as oxygen reduction systems are new automatic fire prevention
systems that reduce permanently the oxygen concentration inside the
protected volumes so that ignition or fire spreading cannot occur. Unlike
traditional fire suppression systems that usually extinguish fire after it is
detected, hypoxic air is able to prevent fires. At lower altitudes hypoxic air
is safe to breathe for healthy individuals.