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CLIENT SERVER
COMPUTING
Unit 2:
Components of
Client/Server
application
UNIT -2 SYLLABUS
Server Model
Fat Client Model
THE ARCHITECTURES
TWO-TIER CLIENT/SERVER
ARCHITECTURE
User
THREE-TIER CLIENT/SERVER
ARCHITECTURE
Emerged in the 1990s
The third tier (middle tier server) is between the
user interface (client) and the data management
(server) components.
This middle tier provides process management
where business logic and rules are executed .
Increased performance, flexibility,
maintainability, reusability, and scalability, while
hiding the complexity of distributed processing
from the user.
3 TIER ARCHITECTURE
3-TIER TO N-TIER
ADVANTAGES OF COMPONENT
BASED APP
You
THE CLIENT
Services - Introduction
Any
CLIENT SERVICES
The ideal client/server platform operates in an open
systems environment using a requester-server
discipline that is based on well-defined standards. This
enables multiple hardware and software platforms to
interact.
1. Request for Services
A client workstation requests services form the
attached server; whatever may be the type of processor
the format of request is the same. It is the job if the
NOS software to translate or add the necessary details
as required by the targeted requester to the application
request. OS also provides the redirection service.
REDIRECTION
The most basic service provided by the NOS is
redirection.
This service intercepts client workstation
operating system calls and redirects them to the
server operating system.
Thus in this way the request for disk directories
or disk files, printers, printer queues, serial
devices, application programs and named pipes
are trapped by the redirection software and
redirected to the correct server location.
3. WINDOW SERVICES
4. FAX/PRINT SERVICES
The NOS enables the client to generate print
requests even when the printer is busy.
These are redirected by the NOS redirector
software and managed by the print server queue
manager.
The client workstation can view the status of the
print queues at any time.
Many print servers notify the client workstation
when the print request is completed.
Fax services are made available in exactly the same
manner as print servers, with the same requester
server interface and notification made available.
OTHER SERVICES
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THE SERVER
The server is a multiuser computer.
The hardware platform should be selected based
on application demands and economics.
Servers for client/server applications work best
when they are configured with an operating
system that supports shared memory, application
isolation, and preemptive multitasking.
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9.
FILE SERVICES
File services handle access to the virtual directories and
files located on the client workstation and to the server's
permanent storage.
In the typical implementation, software, shared data,
databases, and backups are stored on disk, tape, and optical
storage devices that are managed by the file server.
To minimize the effort and effect of installation and
maintenance of software, software should be loaded from
the server for execution on the client.
New versions can be updated on the server and made
immediately available to all users.
Backups of the server can be scheduled from the server and
monitored by a trained support person.
With more organizations looking at multimedia and image
technology, large optical storage devices are most
appropriately implemented as shared servers.
DATABASE SERVICES
Early database servers were actually file servers
with a different interface. They execute the
database engine primarily on the client machine
and use the file services provided by the file server
for record access and free space management.
These
are
new
and
more
powerful
implementations of the original flat-file models
with extracted indexes for direct record access.
Currency control is managed by the application
program, which issues lock requests and lock
checks, and by the database server, which creates
a lock table that is interrogated whenever a record
access lock check is generated.
DATABASE SERVICES
Because access is at the record level, all records
satisfying the primary key must be returned to
the client workstation for filtering.
Client/server database engines such as Sybase,
IBM's Database Manager, Ingres, Oracle, and
Informix provide support at the server to execute
SQL requests issued from the client workstation.
The file services are still used for space allocation
and basic directory services, but all other
services are provided directly by the database
server
RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Relational database management systems are
the current technology for data management.
Relational database technology provides the
current data management solution to many of
the problems inherent in the flat-file and
hierarchical technologies.
The primary design objective (of E.F Codd)
behind SQL was to provide a data access
language that could be shown mathematically to
manipulate the desired data correctly.
SECURITY SERVICES
Client/server applications require security services to
those provided by host environments. Every user should
be required to log in with a user ID and password.
If passwords might become visible to unauthorized
users, the security server should insist that passwords
be changed regularly.
The enterprise applications uses a single logon ID and
logon sequence is used to gain the authority once to
access all information and process for the user has a
need and right of access..
The encryption and decryption are done using the DES
algorithm and the user password. This ensures that no
unauthorized user can access stored data or
communications data.
COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
Client/server applications require LAN and WAN
communication services.
Basic LAN services are integral to the NOS.
Various communications server products provide
WAN services.
VARIOUS NOS
Novell NetWare
LAN Manager
IBM LAN Server
Banyan VINES
PC Network File Services (NFS)
NOVELL NETWARE
The most popular NOS. NetWare is a family of LAN
products with support for IBM PC-compatible and Apple
Macintosh clients, and IBM PC-compatible servers.
It is based on Client /Server Model. NetWare provides the
premier LAN environment for file and printer resource
sharing.
The use of open protocol technology (OPT), Novell makes
NetWare fully network protocol independent.
Two standardized interfacesopen data link interface
(ODI) and NetWare Streamsenable other vendors to
develop products for the NetWare environment.
NetWare has benefitted from its high performance and
low resource requirements as much as it has from its
relative ease of use.
LAN MANAGER
LAN Manager and its IBM derivative, LAN Server,
are the standard products for use in Client / Server
implementations using OS/2 as the server operating
system.
LAN Manager and Advanced Server provide client
support for DOS, Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, and
Mac System 7.
The native NOS support for preemptive
multitasking and storage protection.
Advanced Server also supports TCP/IP
communication. Advanced Server provides
integrated support for peer-to-peer processing and
client/server applications.
BANYAN VINES
in LAN configuration
LAN to LAN/WAN configuration
LAN to Host Configuration
Enterprise Wide
WORKSTATIONS IN LAN
CONFIGURATION
LAN TO LAN/WAN
CONFIGURATION
Routers and communication servers will be used
to provide communication services between LANs
and into the WAN.
In the client/server model, these connections will
be provided transparently by the SDE Tools.
There are significant performance implications if
the traffic volumes are large.
Integrated support for TCP/IP, LU6.2, and IPX
provides a solid platform for client/server LANto-WAN implementation within DECnet.
ENTERPRISE WIDE
Information that is of value or interest to the
entire business must be managed by a central data
administration function and appear to be stored on
each user's desk.
These applications are traditionally implemented
as Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) to the
mainframe or minicomputer.
With the client/server model, it is feasible to use
database technology to replicate or migrate data to
distributed servers.
Wherever data resides or is used, the location
must be transparent to the user and the developer.
Windows
MVS,
VMS,
NT,
and
UNIX.
VARIOUS SERVER OS
NetWare
NetWare
WINDOWS NT
NT provides the preemptive multitasking
services required for a functional server.
It provides excellent support for Windows clients
and incorporates the necessary storage protection
services required for a reliable server operating
system.
Its implementation of security goes well beyond
that provided by OS/2 and most UNIX
implementations.
MVS
IBM provides MVS as a platform for large
applications.
The standard networking environment for many
large organizationsSNAis a component of
MVS.
There is a commitment by IBM to provide
support for the LAN Server running natively
under MVS.
This is an attractive option for organizations with
large existing investments in MVS applications.
OPEN VMS
Digital Equipment Corporation provides OPENVMS
as its server platform of choice in the distributed
computing arena and includes many of the features
necessary to act as a server in the client/server
model.
VAX OPENVMS support for database products such
as RDB, Sybase, Ingres, and Oracle enables this
platform to execute effectively as a database server
for client/server applications.
Many organizations have large investments in VAX
hardware and DECnet networking. The option to use
these as part of client/server applications is attractive
as a way to maximize the value of this investment.
UNIX
UNIX is a primary player as a server system in
the client/server model.
The original intention of the UNIX architecture
was to define a standard set of services to be
provided by the UNIX kernel.
These services are used by a shell that provides
the command-line interface.
The power and appeal of UNIX lie in the common
definition of the kernel and shell and in the large
amount of software that has been built and is
available
UNIX
UNIX is particularly desirable as a server
platform for client/server computing because of
the large range of platform sizes available and
the huge base of application and development
software available.
Government agencies are insisting on UNIX as
the platform for all government projects.
The combination of these pressures and
technology changes should ensure that UNIX
compatibility will be mandatory for server
platforms.
WAYS TO IMPROVE
PERFORMANCE
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