Defining Psychosocial

Hazard
Kelompok 8

7 main theoretical approaches to

psychological hazards and
occupational stress; Kompier (2002)
Cherns 1976 Sociotechnical approach
Hackman and Oldhams 1980 Job
Characteristics model
Kahn et al.s 1964, and French, Caplan & Van
Harrisons 1982 PersonEnvironment Fit
model
Karasek and Theorells 1990 Job DemandControl-Support model
Hackers 1964 Action Theory
Warrs 1994 Vitamin model and Siegrists
1998 Effort-Reward Imbalance model.
Job Demands-Resources model
(Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner & Schaufeli,
2001)

Conceptualization and frameworks

of phsychosocial Hazard and Risk

Engineerin
g
Approach

Physiologi
cal
approach

Psychologi
cal
approach

Engineering Approach
The engineering approach has treated stress as
a
stimulus characteristic of the persons
environment, usually conceived in terms of the
load or level of demand placed on the individual,
or some aversive (threatening) or noxious
element of that environment (Cox, 1978, 1990;
Cox & Mackay, 1981; Fletcher, 1988).

Engineering Approach (2)

Stress merupakan properti pada
lingkungan yang biasanya merupakan
aspek objektif yang dapat terukur
stress is that which happens to the man, not that
which happens in him; it is a set of causes not a set
of symptoms. (Symonds, 1947)
Stress was said to produce a strain reaction which
although often reversible could, on occasions, prove
to be irreversible and
damaging (Cox & Mackay, 1981; Sutherland &
Cooper, 1990).

Physiological approach
Stress
merupakan
manifestasi dari sindrom
spesifik yang terdiri dari
semua
perubahan
nonspesifik dalam sistem biologi
terjadi ketika ada suatu
stimulus
atau
tekanan.
(Selye , 1950, 1956)

Respon stress dipahami

karena
aktivasi
2
neuroendocrine
systems yaitu sistem
hipofisis-adrenal
anterior korteks dan
sistem medula simpatikadrenal (Cox & Cox,
1985; Cox et al. 1983)

Respon fisiologis ini terdiri dari tiga fase yaitu initial

alarm stage (aktivasi sistem simpatik adrenal
medula), stage of
resistance (aktivasi korteks
adrenal) dan final stage of exhaustion (reaktivasi
terminal dari sistem medula adrenal sympathetic)

Psychological approach
Stress
kerja
merupakan interaksi
yang dinamis antara
orang
dengan
lingkungan
kerjanya.

Pendekatan ini
merupakan teori
kontemporer

Pada pendekatan permasalahan interaksi

antara person-environment dapat dilihat dari
aspek proses kognitif dan reaksi emosional
yang berkaitan dengan interaksi tersebut

Psychological approach (2)

Varian pendekatan psikologi mendominasi teori
stress kontemporer dimana dalam dua hal
tersebut terdapat dua jenis tipe yaitu :
interaksional dan transaksional.
model transaksional terutamaberkaitan dengan
penilaian kognitif dan koping. Dalam arti
mereka mewakili pengembangan model
interaksional, dan pada dasarnya konsisten
dengan mereka

Definition of
Psychosocial Hazard

1. Cox et al., 2000

those aspects of work design and
the organisation and management of
work, and their social and
organisational contexts, which have
the potential for causing
psychological, social or physical
harm (Cox et al., 2000, p. 14)

2. OSHA Europa
Psychosocial risks arise from poor
work design, organisation and
management, as well as a poor social
context of work, and they may
result in negative psychological,
physical and social outcomes such as
work-related stress, burnout or
depression.

3. ILO, 1986
Psychosocial hazards are defined by the
International Labour Organization (ILO,
1986) in terms of the interactions
among job content, work organisation
and management, and other environmental
and organisational conditions, on the one
hand, and the employees' competencies
and needs on the other.

4. Cox & Griffiths, 2005

A simpler definition of psychosocial
hazards might be those aspects of
the design and management of
work, and its social and
organisational contexts that have the
potential for causing psychological or
physical harm (Cox & Griffiths, 2005)

5. Cox T & RialGonzales,2002

Pyschosocial hazard is an integral
element of the stress process, in
terms of interaction among job
content, work organization and
management,environmental and
organizational conditions on the one
hand, and the employees
competencies and needs on the
other (Cox T & Rial-Gonzales,2002)

6. Shane, 2010
In the policing context these might
be conceptualised as the niggling
aspects of the work environment
that pervades police organisations
because of the structural
arrangements and social life
inside the organisation (Shane,
2010, p. 815).

7. HSE UK
The psychosocial aspects of work
that have the potential to adversely
impact an individuals mental and
physical well-being

Daftar Pustaka