CHAPTER 1

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
CONCEPTS

 Definitions of Thermodynamics

OUTLINE
Basic Applications of Thermodynamics
System, Boundary and Surrounding
Control Volume and Control Mass
Properties, Intensive and Extensive Properties
Equilibrium
State, Path, Process and Cycle
Temperature

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics
Greek words
therme
(heat)

dynamis
(power)

Early description: Convert heat into power

Current definition: The science of energy and energy
transformations (i.e. power generation, refrigeration,
relationships among the properties of matter)

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and

matter; thus, it is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to
thermodynamics in some manner.
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Application Areas of Thermodynamics

THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

Energy: The ability to cause changes.
Conservation of energy principle: During
an interaction, energy can change from
one form to another but the total amount of
energy remains constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

Laws of Thermodynamics:
Zeroth law: An expression on thermal equilibrium.
First law: An expression of the conservation of energy principle. The
first law asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.
Second law: It asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity,
and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of
energy.
Hot
Cold

heat

Cold body (spontaneous)

heat

Hot body (Requires work)

QUESTION: Thermodynamics Concept

An office worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table warmed up
to 80oC by picking up energy from the surrounding air, which is at 25 oC.
Is there any truth to his claim? Does this process violate any
thermodynamic laws?

Any physical quantity can be

light
characterized by
dimensions

DIMENSIONS
& UNITS
English
light
system

Electric
L ofcurrent
(A)
Amount
L of light
(c)

The magnitudes assigned

light
to the dimension are called
units

International
light
system (SI)

Amount of matter
(mol)

Primary/
fundament
light
al
dimension
s

Temperature
light (K)
Length
light(m)
Mass
(kg)
light
Time
light(s)

Secondary/
derived
light
dimensions

Velocity
light(m/s)
Energy
light
(kg.m2/s2)
Volume
light(m3)

Standard prefixes in SI
units

Forcelight
(kg.m/s2)

Primary dimensions
and their units in SI

MEASURE OF AMOUNT OR SIZE

Mass,
lightm

m nM
Mass

light

No. of
moles
Molecular
weight

Totallight
volume,
V

No. of
moles,
light
n

No. of
moles

Represent the
light
size
of a
system
Mass

m
n light
M
Molecular
weight

Specific
volume:
V

Molar volume:

or

V vm

V
n

or

V vn
10

W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing 66 kgf on earth will

weigh only 11 kgf on the moon.

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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion
Ratios
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

Every unity conversion ratio is exactly equal to one

and is unitless. Thus, such ratios (or their inverses)
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.

A few commonly used

unity conversion ratios.
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QUESTIONS Units Concept

1-5C

What is the difference between kg-mass and kg-force?

SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings. Has zero thickness. Cannot contain any mass nor occupy any
volume in space. Can be fixed or movable.
Types of system:
Closed (control mass): Only energy can cross the boundary.
Open (control volume): Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.
Isolated: No mass or energy can cross the boundary.

Closed system

14 with moving boundary

Closed system

SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings. Has zero thickness. Cannot contain any mass nor occupy
any volume in space. Can be fixed or movable.
Types of system:
Closed (control mass): Only energy can cross the boundary.
Open (control volume): Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.
Isolated: No mass or energy can cross the boundary.

Closed system

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Closed system with moving boundary

SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

A control volume can involve

Fixed, moving, real and imaginary boundaries.

Control surface: The boundaries of a control

volume. It can be real or imaginary.
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PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property: Any characteristic of a system
or any quantity that describes a system.
Some familiar properties are pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
Properties are considered to be either
intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties: Those that are
independent of the mass or size of a
system, such as temperature, pressure,
and density.
Extensive properties: Those whose
values depend on the size or extent of
the system.
Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.
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DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Density

Specific volume

Density is mass per unit volume;

Specific volume is volume per unit mass.

Specific weight: The

weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Specific gravity: The ratio of the density

of a substance to the density of some
standard substance at a specified
temperature (usually water at 4C).
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STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.
State: A set of properties that describes the condition of a
system at a certain time. At a given state, all properties of a
system have fixed values. If the value of even one property
changes, the state will change to a different one.

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STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium: A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature is the same throughout the
entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no change in pressure at any
point of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium: If the mass of each phase (within a multi-phase
system) reaches an equilibrium level.
Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical composition of a system
does not change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.
A system is not in thermodynamic
equilibrium unless all the above
equilibrium conditions are
satisfied.

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium
state to another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a
process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and
final states, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the
surroundings.

A process between states 1

and 2 and the process path.

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process:

When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system

remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.
Sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust itself
internally so that properties in one part of the system do not change
any faster than those at other parts.

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process diagrams plotted by employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very useful in visualizing the processes.
Some common properties that are used as coordinates are
temperature T, pressure P, and volume V (or specific volume v).

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES

The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a
particular property remains constant.
Isothermal process: Temperature T remains constant.
Isobaric process: Pressure P remains constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process: Specific volume v remains
constant.
Cycle: A process in which the initial and final states are
identical (returns to its initial state).

v
Process path A

Process path B

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The Steady-Flow Process

The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of
steady is unsteady, or transient.
A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods
of time under the same conditions, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.

During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within the control

volume may change with position but not with time.
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The Steady-Flow Process

Steady-flow process: A process during which a fluid flows
through a control volume steadily.
Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices
that are intended for continuous operation such as turbines,
pumps, boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or power
plants or refrigeration systems.

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TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can
be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium

after being brought into contact in an
isolated enclosure. Heat is transferred from
the body at higher T to lower T until both
attain the same T.

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Temperature Scales

All temperature scales are based on

some easily reproducible states such as
the freezing and boiling points of water:
the ice point and the steam point.

Ice point: A mixture of ice and water

that is in equilibrium with air saturated
with vapor at 1 atm (0C or 32F).

Steam point: A mixture of liquid water

and water vapor (with no air) in
equilibrium at 1 atm (100C or 212F).

Celsius scale
scale (E)

(SI) and Fahrenheit

Thermodynamic temperature scale: A

temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.

Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)

A temperature scale nearly identical to

the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures
on this scale are measured using a
constant-volume gas thermometer.

At low P, T is
proportional to
P at constant V:
T = a + bP

P versus T plots of the experimental data obtained

from a constant-volume gas thermometer using
four different gases at different (but low)
pressures.

A constant-volume gas thermometer would read

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-273.15C at absolute zero pressure.

Relation of Temperature Scales

Comparison of
temperature
scales.

Comparison of
magnitudes of
various
temperature
units.

The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the ice point,
273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible
point, the triple point of water (the state at which all three phases of water
coexist in equilibrium), which is assigned the value 273.16 K. 29

Example :Expressing Temperature Rise in Different Units

g a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by 10 C.

ess this rise in temperature in K, F and R.

Solution:
T(K) = T(C) = 10 K
T(R) = 1.8 T(K) = (1.8) (10) = 18 R
T(F) = T(R) = 18 F

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PRESSURE

Gas or liquid
pressure
Solid normal stress

Pressure: A normal force exerted

by a fluid per unit area

70 kgf

140 kgf

Afeet=280cm2

0.25 kgf/cm2

0.50 kgf/cm2

P=70/280=0.25 kgf/cm2

The normal stress (or pressure) on the

feet of a chubby person is much greater
than on the feet of a slim person.
Some basic
pressure gages.

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 Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is

measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gauge pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gauge
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P
will denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.

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EXAMPLE Absolute Pressure of a Vacuum Chamber

A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 40 kPa at a
location where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine
the absolute pressure in the chamber.

Some basic pressure gages.

PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE

Step 1: Problem Statement

Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

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END
THANK YOU..

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