Fourth Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
Berli Kamiel
UMY

Transformations of
Stress and Strain

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Transformations of Stress and Strain

Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohrs Circle to the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Introduction
The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
x , y , z

normal stresses

xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )

Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
The first part of the chapter is concerned with
how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

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Introduction
Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
x , y , xy and z zx zy 0.

State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
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Transformation of Plane Stress

Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x axes.
Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin
y A sin sin xy A sin cos

Fy 0 xyA x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

x
y

x y
2
x y

xy

2
x y
2

x y
2
x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2

sin 2 xy cos 2

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Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

x ave 2 x2y R 2
where

ave

x y

x y

R
2

2
xy

Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
max,min
tan 2 p

x y
2

x y

2
xy

2 xy

x y

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

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Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for
x y

max R
2

tan 2 s

x ave

2
xy

x y
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o

ave

x y
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min

x y

x y

2
xy

2
For the state of plane stress shown,
determine (a) the principal planes, Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the
2

x
y
2
maximum shearing stress and the
xy
max
2
corresponding normal stress.

x y

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

2 40
1.333
50 10

2 p 53.1, 233.1

x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa

xy 40 MPa

p 26.6, 116 .6

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min

x y
2

20

x y

2
xy

30 2 40 2

max 70 MPa
min 30 MPa
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Example 7.01
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
x y

max
2

2
xy

30 2 40 2

max 50 MPa
x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa

xy 40 MPa

s p 45
s 18.4, 71.6

The corresponding normal stress is

ave

x y
2

50 10
2

20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 670 N

T 670 N 450mm 301.5kNmm

M x 670 N 250mm 167.5 kNmm

Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.
y
xy

167.5kNmm 15mm
Mc

4
1
I
4 15mm

301.5kNmm 15mm
Tc

4
1
J
2 15mm

x 0 y 63.2 MPa y 56.9 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.1

Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy
2 56.9
tan 2 p

1.8
x y 0 6.32
2 p 61.0,119

p 30.5, 59.5
2

max,min

y
y
x
x
xy2
2
2

0 63.2
0 63.2
2

56.9
2
2

max 96.7MPa
min 33.5 MPa
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Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With the physical significance of Mohrs
circle for plane stress established, it may be
applied with simple geometric considerations.
Critical values are estimated graphically or
calculated.
For a known state of plane stress x , y , xy
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
ave

x y
2

x y

R
2

2
xy

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

max,min ave R
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is

the same as CX to CA.
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Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
For the state of stress at an angle with
respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates XY.

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Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:

P
, y xy 0
A

x y xy

P
2A

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

x y 0 xy

Tc
J

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x y

Tc
xy 0
J
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Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohrs circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the
principal stresses, (d) the maximum
shearing stress and the corresponding
normal stress.

SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle
ave

x y

50 10 20 MPa

2
2
CF 50 20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
R CX

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30 2 40 2 50 MPa
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Example 7.02
Principal planes and stresses
max OA OC CA 20 50
max 70 MPa
min OB OC BC 20 50
min 30 MPa
FX 40

CF 30
2 p 53.1

tan 2 p

p 26.6

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Example 7.02

Maximum shear stress

s p 45

max R

ave

s 71.6

max 50 MPa

20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise Construct Mohrs circle
through 30 degrees.
x y 100 60
ave
R

80 MPa

CF 2 FX 2 20 2 48 2 52 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

Principal planes and stresses

XF 48

2.4
CF 20
2 p 67.4

tan 2 p

p 33.7 clockwise

max OA OC CA
80 52

max OA OC BC
80 52

max 132 MPa

min 28 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

Stress components after rotation by 30o

Points X and Y on Mohrs circle that
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by
2 60
rotating XY counterclockwise through

180 60 67.4 52.6

x OK OC KC 80 52 cos 52.6
y OL OC CL 80 52 cos 52.6
xy KX 52 sin 52.6
x 48.4 MPa
y 111 .6 MPa
xy 41.3 MPa

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General State of Stress

Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation
State of stress at Q defined by: x , y , z , xy , yz , zx
Consider tetrahedron with face perpendicular to the
line QN with direction cosines: x , y , z
The requirement Fn 0 leads to,
n x 2x y 2y z 2z
2 xy x y 2 yz y z 2 zx z x

Form of equation guarantees that an element

orientation can be found such that
n a 2a bb2 c c2

These are the principal axes and principal planes

and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.
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Application of Mohrs Circle to the ThreeDimensional Analysis of Stress

Transformation of stress for an element

rotated around a principal axis may be
represented by Mohrs circle.

The three circles represent the

normal and shearing stresses for
rotation around each principal axis.

Points A, B, and C represent the

principal stresses on the principal
planes (shearing stress is zero)

Radius of the largest circle yields the

maximum shearing stress.

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1
max max min
2
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Application of Mohrs Circle to the ThreeDimensional Analysis of Stress

In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum inplane shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.
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Application of Mohrs Circle to the ThreeDimensional Analysis of Stress

If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then
a) the circle defining maxminand
max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations
within the plane of stress
b) maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to half of the
maximum stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress are
at 45 degrees to the plane of stress

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