ETHERNET

ETHERNET
Ethernet is a certain type of a local area
network (LAN) which was developed in 1972 in
the renowned PARC-research facility of Xerox
in Palo Alto by Robert Metcalfe. In the
meantime the companies Intel, DEC and Xerox
have specified a common standard that has
been established in the IEEE-standard 802.3.
We cannot afford the redundant connections
and dynamic routing of store-and-forward
packet
switching
to
assure
reliable
communication, so we choose to achieve
reliability through simplicity.

Ethernet evolution through four generations

CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHERNET

Connectionless Communication
No Acknowledgments
No Flow and Error Control
CSMA/CD as accessing technology

CSMA/CD

Listen while you speak

BINARY EXPONENTIAL BACKOFF ALGO

COLLISION
NUMBER

DOMAIN FOR RANDOM PROBABILITY OF

NUMBER
SUCCESSFUL
TRANSMISSION

{0,1}

0.50

{0,1,2,3}

0.75

{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

0.875

{0,1,2,3,..14,15}

0.9375

{0,1,2,3,2i -1}

10

{0,1,2,3,..1023}

0.999

11

{0,1,2,3,..1023}

0.999

16

{0,1,2,3,..1023}

1-1/2i

0.999

802.3 MAC FRAME

Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

UNICAST AND MULTICAST ADDRESSES

The least significant bit of the first

byte defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

The broadcast destination address

is a special case of the multicast
address in which all bits are 1s.

FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM FRAME LENGTH OF

ETHERNET

Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes
(512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes
(12,144 bits)

Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation

10Base5 implementation

10Base2 implementation

10Base-T implementation

10Base-F implementation

5-4-3 RULE

HUBS
SHARED
SWITCHED
LAYER
AND
3 SWITCHES
MEDIUM
LAN HUB
HUB
or LAYER 2 SWIT

SHARED MEDIUM HUB

Central Hub
Star Wiring Arrangement

SWITCHED LAN HUB or LAYER 2 SWITCH

TYPES OF LAYER 2
Store and forward switch
Cut through switch

LAYER 3 SWITCHES
TYPES OF LAYER 3 SWITCHES:
Packet by packet
Flow based

Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

FASTETHERNET
The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through
several changes before moving to the higher data
rates. These changes actually opened the road to the
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs.
FAST ETHERNET is Ethernet compatible LAN
operating at 100Mbps

Fast Ethernet topology

100BASE-X
100BASE-T4
100BASE-FX
100BASE-TX
Fast
Ethernet

100BASE-X
Unidirectional data rate of 100 Mbps over
a single link.
100BASE-X has 2 physical medium
specifications:
100BASE-TX
100BASE-FX
100BASE-TX uses 2 pairs of Twisted
Cable and follows 4B/5B-MLT-3 encoding
technique.
100BASE-FX uses 2 Optical Fiber Cable
and follows 4B/5B-NRZI encoding
technique

100BASE-T4
Data rate of 100 Mbps over low quality cat 3 cable, one may
use cat 5 cable.
Data Stream is split into 3 separate data streams, each
with effective data rate of 331/3 Mbps.
4 Twisted pairs are used.
Data is transmitted using 3 pairs and received using 3
pairs. So, two pairs must be configured for bidirectional
transmission
8B/6T encoding scheme

Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

GIGABITETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate

resulted in the design of the Gigabit
Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps). The
IEEE committee calls the standard
802.3z. It retains CSMA/CD protocol
and frame format of its predecessors.

In the full-duplex
mode of Gigabit
Ethernet, there is no
collision;
the maximum length
of the cable is
determined by the
signal attenuation
in the cable.

Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet implementations

Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations

10GbpsETHERNET
FACTORS DEMANDING 10 Gbps :
Increase in number of network
connections
Increase in speed of end stations
Increase in deployment of bandwidth
sensitive applications
Increase in Web Hosting and application
hosting traffic

Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations