Genetics: Which Two Are Most Likely Related and Why?

Monohybrid inheritance
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
1/5/17
Genetics
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Which two are most likely

related and why?
Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Phenotype
The appearance of an organism
Genotype
The genetic information that
codes for a characteristic
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
1/5/17
Karyotype
The complete
set of
chromosomes
(half from
mother and half
from father)
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Alleles
The genes you inherit from your
parents are located at the same place
(The locus) on the chromosomes.
However, the gene itself may have
several different versions. e.g. from
your mother you get a brown eyed
gene and from your father a blue eyed
gene. These are the alleles.
1/5/17
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Alleles
If the alleles are the same they are
homozygous (organism is a
homozygote) They are also called
true breeds.
If the alleles are different then
they are heterozygous. (organism is
a heterozygote)
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Dominance
Some alleles will always result in a certain
phenotype as they are said to be
dominant i.e. in protein synthesis their
code with be used to make a protein.
Alleles that do not affect the phenotype
when they are with a dominant allele are
called recessive and are only expressed
when they are homologous.
Some alleles are co-dominant meaning
that usually a mix of the two alleles will
be expressed as the phenotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Monohybrid crosses
A monohybrid cross looks at the
effect of one gene when two
organisms produce offspring.
It can be used to predict the
likelihood of the phenotype and
genotype of the offspring.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
1/5/17
We represent dominant alleles

with a capital and recessive with
lower case
e.g. B = Brown eyes (dominant)
b = Blue eyes (recessive)
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
1/5/17
Key
Parent phenotype
Parent genotype
Gametes
Punnett square
Offspring genotype (ratio)
Offspring phenotype (ratio)
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
1/5/17
Example Blue eyed male and

homozygous brown eyed female
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Often geneticists cross two

individuals but then also cross
their offspring.
The first generation are called the
F1 generation (first filial
generation)
The second generation are the F2
generation (second filial generation)
Etc. etc. etc.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
1/5/17
Why might we need to cross the

second generation?
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
1/5/17
Test crosses
Test crosses are used to identify
the genotype of parents so that
they can be used for selective
breeding.
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
Outcomes:
Suggest how a
test cross can
be used to
identify the
genotype of a
species.
Calculate ratios
of the
phenotype and
genotype of
offspring using
monohybrid
crosses
Describe the
difference
between
phenotype,
genotype and
karyotype.
1/5/17
Challenge
If R= Rounded pea plant leaves
r= Pointed pea plant leaves
What might the genotype of the other
parent if the offspring were:
Half rounded and half pointed.
(One parent heterozygous)
All rounded.
(One parent Homozygous dominant)

Genetics: Which Two Are Most Likely Related and Why?

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Genetics: Which Two Are Most Likely Related and Why?

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Monohybrid inheritance

Which two are most likely

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

We represent dominant alleles

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Example Blue eyed male and

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Often geneticists cross two

Why might we need to cross the

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Keywords: Phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

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