Normal Stress

Point Load: the real situation

Compromise
Compromisefor
for easier
easier analysis.
analysis.
Assume
Assumethat
thatthe
theload
loadisisuniformly
uniformly
distributed
distributed

Point Load: the real situation

Stress
Stress==Force/Area
Force/Area

avg

dF
Actually
dA
dF dA
dF
dA
A

More correctly
dF
A dA

Stress
Stressisisnot
not
pressure.
pressure.
Pressure
Pressureisisan
an
external
external
phenomenon.
phenomenon.
Stress
Stressisisthe
the
bodys
bodysreaction
reaction
to
toexternal
external
load
load

True
Truestress
stressisis aafunction
functionof
of its
itsown
own
location,
location, I.e.
I.e. the
the kind
kindof
ofmaterial
material
present
presentat
atthat
thatpoint
point and
andthe
thekind
kind
of
ofload
loadapplied
applied

Normal Strain

Stress
Stresscauses
causesstrain.
strain.
AAbody
bodysubjected
subjectedto
tostress
stresschanges
changesshape.
shape.
The
Thesimplest
simplestlaw
lawrelating
relatingstress
stress and
andstrain
strainisis

=E
=E
EEisis Young's
Young'sModulus
Modulus or
or Modulus
Modulusof
ofElasticity
Elasticity
We leave high school
physics and gradually enter
into college around here

Strain

avg

Actually

du

dx

Like
Likestress
stressstrain
strainisisalso
also not
not
uniform
uniform in
inaabody.
body.

du
dx
Each small segment dx expands by an amount du dx

Engineering Strain : A measure of average strain

l
l

dl

dl

L l
ln L L

Lf
i

Lf
ln
Li

Strain

x
dx
x

dx

du

du dx
dx
L
du
dx
L

E L
L E dx
F
F
L
dx

A
L EA

du

From F to : A simple problem

For the truss and loading shown, determine the

average normal stress in member DF, knowing that
the cross-sectional area of that member is 2500
mm2.

From to

l
a

For the system shown, determine rotation of the

beam. Assume the extension of the beam is much
less than the cable. Modulus of elasticity of the
cable is E. Initial length is l. Area of cross section of
the cable is A.

From to

l
a

T sin P
T cos F 0
a l cos
dl cos l sin d 0 dl cos l sin d
dl l tan d

T
Pl
l
l
E
EA
EA sin
Pl
P
P cos
l tan d
sin tan d
d
EA sin
EA
EA sin 2
dl l

From to

Find the extension of the beam due to a force P

From to
P

dx

F x P

F x P
x

A
A
x
P
x

E
EA
du x dx
P
du
dx
EA
P
Px

L
dx
EA

0 EA
PL
L
EA
L

From to

Find the extension of the beam due to its own

weight W

From to

xg

F x xg

F x xg
x

A
A
x xg
x

E
EA
du x dx

xg
xg
du
dx
dx
EA
EA
L

x g
xg
L
dx

EA
2
EA

0
L2 g Lg L WL
L

2 EA
2 EA
2 EA
L

From to

Find the extension of the tapered beam due to its

own weight W

Shear stress
P

P
f

A
If we
bend the
beam ??
?

Shear stress

P
mg

P
f
N
mg

N mg

A
A

f= N

Nuts and Bolts

P=F
2
2
==4P/
4P/dd2==4F/
4F/dd2

Shear Stress : Single shear

Nuts and Bolts

Effective
Effective
area
area
Or
Ornormal
normal
area
area==tdtd

Bearing
Bearingstress
stresswill
willaffect
affectthese
theseareas
areas

Bearingstress
stress
==P/td
P/td
Bearing

Nuts and Bolts

P=F/2
P=F/2
Bearing
Bearingstress
stresswill
willaffect
affectthese
theseareas
areas

2
2
==4P/
4P/dd2==2F/
2F/dd2

Shear Stress : Double shear

Terminology

Ultimate
Ultimatestress
stressororBreaking
Breakingstress
stress
Stress
Stressatatwhich
whichsample
samplematerial
material
breaks
breaksinto
intotwo
two
Yield stress
stress
Yield
Stress after
after which
which material
material no
no
Stress
longer obeys
obeys the
the law
law
longer

..

Generally
Generally structural
structural materials
materials

lose their
their usefulness
usefulness or
or become
become
lose
unsafe after
after this
this point.
point.
unsafe
Factor
Factorof
ofsafety
safety
Suppose
Supposeyield
yieldstress
stressisisY.Y.Maximum
Maximum
expected
expectedstress
stressisism. .Then
Then
m

Factor
Factorofofsafety=
safety=YY/ /mm