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Amplifier:
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases voltage,
current or power of a signal.
According to the class of operation, the amplifiers can be
classified as:
(i)Class A, (ii) Class B, (iii) Class AB, and (iv) Class C.
Class A: A class A
amplifier is one in which
the operating point and the
input signal are such that
the current in the output
circuit flows at full times.
Class C:
(16.2)
AC Operation
When an input ac signal is applied to the amplifier of Fig. 16.1, the
output will vary from its dc bias operating voltage and current.
A small input signal, as shown in Fig. 16.4(a), will cause the base
current to vary above and below the dc bias point, which will then
cause the collector current (output) to vary from the dc bias point set as
well as the collector-emitter voltage to vary around its dc bias value.
Power Considerations
Output Power
The output voltage and current varying around the bias point provide
ac power to the load.
The ac power is delivered to the load RC, in the circuit of Fig. 16.1 is
given by
Using rms value :
Po (ac) VCE (rms) I C (rms)
2 (rms) R
Po (ac) I C
C
2 (rms)
VCE
Po (ac)
RC
(16.5a)
(16.5b)
(16.5c)
(16.5a )
(16.5b)
(16.5c)
Maximum Efficiency
For the class A series amplifier the maximum efficiency can be
determined using the maximum voltage and current swings.
For the voltage swing it is
Maximum
Maximum
VCE (p p) VCC
VCC
I C ( p p)
RC
100%
2
maximum Pi (dc)
8 RC V
CC
2
100% 25%
8
The maximum efficiency of a
class A amplifier is thus seen to
be 25%.
A form of class A amplifier
having maximum efficiency of
50% uses a transformer to couple
the output signal to the load as
shown in Fig. 16.6.
Example 16.1 Calculate the (i) base current, collector current and
collector to emitter voltage for the operating (or Q) point (ii) input
power, output power, and efficiency of the amplifier circuit in the
following figure for an input voltage in a base current of 10 mA peak.
Solution:
(i) the Q-point can be determined by DC
analysis as:
19.3 mA
R
B
1 K
Q
B
I I 25(19.3mA) 0.48 A
B
C
V
20V (0.48A)(20) 10.4 V
CE
Q
10
Po (ac) C Ro
20 0.625 W
2
2
P (dc) V I
(20V)(0.48A) 9.6W
i
CC C
Q
Po (ac)
0.625W
%
100%
6.5%
P (dc)
9.6W
i
Class B Amplifier
Class B operation is provided when the dc bias transistor biased just
off, the transistor turning on when the ac signal is applied.
This is essentially no bias and the transistor conducts current for only
one-half of the signal cycle.
To obtain output for the full cycle of signal, it is necessary to use two
transistors and have each conduct on opposite half-cycles, the
combined operation providing a full cycle of output signal.
Since one part of the circuit pushes
the signal high during one-half
cycle and the other part pulls the
signal low during the other halfcycle, the circuit is referred to as a
push-pull circuit.
Figure 16.12 shows a diagram for push-pull operation.
dc
2
I ( p ) (16.18)
2
I ( p) (16.19)
2 RL
8 RL
(16.21)
Po (ac)
%
100%
Pi (dc)
%
VL2 (p)
2 RL 2VCC I ( p )
100%
V (p)
using, I (p) L
RL
VL2 (p)
RL
%
100%
2 RL 2VCC VL (p)
%
VL ( p )
100% (16.22)
4 VCC
VCC
Maximum, I (p)
RL
Maximum,
2 VCC
Maximum, I dc
RL
2
2VCC
2 VCC
Pi (dc) VCC
RL
RL
2
VCC
Maximum, Po (ac)
2 RL
2
VCC
RL
Maximum, %
100% 78.5%
2
2 RL 2V
4
CC
The maximum efficiency of a class B amplifier is thus seen to be
78.5%.
Crossover distortion
The distortion caused by the nonlinear transistor input characteristic is
indicated in Fig. 18-12. The iB-vB curve for each transistor is drawn,
and the construction used to obtain the output current (assumed
proportional to the base current) is shown.
In the region of small currents (for vB<V) the output is much smaller
than it would be if the response were linear. This effect is called
crossover distortion.
In order to overcome the problem
of crossover distortion, the
transistor must operate in a class
AB mode.
(16.10) Calculate (i) the input power, (ii) the output power, (iii) the
power handled by each transistor, and (iv) the efficiency for an
input of 12 V (rms) of a push-pull Class-B amplifier circuit having
biasing voltage, VCC= 25 V and load resistance, RL= 4 .
Solution: Given, Vi (rms)=12V, VCC= 25 V, load resistance, RL= 4 .
VL ( p ) 17 V
I L ( p)
4.25A
RL
4
2
2
I dc I L ( p ) 4.25A 2.71A
2
VL ( p ) (17 V )2
Po (ac)
36.125W
2 RL
2 4
Power dissipated by each output transistor is:
15.8 W
2
2
2
Po
36.125
Efficiency, % 100%
100% 53.3%
Pi
67.75
Class C Operation
With class B, we need to use a push-pull arrangement. Thats
why almost all class B amplifiers are push-pull amplifiers.
With class C, we need to use a resonant circuit for the load.
This is why almost all class C amplifiers are tuned amplifiers.
With class C operation, the collector current flows for less
than half a cycle.
A parallel resonant circuit can filter the pulses of collector
current and produce a pure sine wave of output voltage.
The main application for class C is with tuned RF amplifiers.
The maximum efficiency of a tuned class C amplifier is 100
percent.
fr
1
2 LC
(11.14)
END OF
POWER
AMPLIFIER