Understanding Hydrocarbon

Fluid Properties and Behavior

Source: Djamel Eddine Ouzzane

03/01/17

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Outline
Application of Fluid Properties
Volumetric Relationships used by Reservoir
Engineers
Different Sources to Obtain Fluid Properties
PVT Analysis and Fluid Compositions
Aspects of Sampling
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Application of Fluid Properties

Phase Behavior and Compositional Concepts
are required to determine.

How much oil or gas is present

How much can be recovered
How fast it can be recovered
Reservoir management and
production strategies

Fluid
Properties

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Properties Required for Reservoir

Engineering Calculations
Formation Volume
Factor of Oil BO

Formation Volume
Factor of Gas Bg

Solution Gas-Oil
Ratio RS

Gas Compressibility
Factor Z

Oil and Gas Densities

Oil - Gas Viscosities

Coefficient of Isothermal
Compressibility C0

Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion 0

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Gas Formation Volume Factor

Gas
Well Stream
Oil
VSC
Volume at Reservoir (P,T)

Bg

Volume at (Psc ,Tsc)

VR
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Oil Formation Volume Factor

Bubble Point

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Gas - Oil Ratio

GOR - RS

Gas

Separator
Stock Tank

Separator Oil

GOR =

Stock Tank Oil

Volume of Gas at (Psc, Tsc)

Volume of Oil at (Psc, Tsc)
(Standard Conditions)

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Gas - Oil Ratio

GOR - RS

Bubble Point

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How to Obtain Fluid

Properties
Laboratory Analysis Black Oil Correlations
Measured Data on
Fluid Sample @
Reservoir Conditions

Calculated Data using

Validated Correlations
On Specific Oil databases

Compositional Models Equation of State

Calculated Data using
Consistent Thermodynamic
Models based on Fluid Compositions
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How to Obtain Fluid

Properties
1. Laboratory PVT Analysis

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How to Obtain Fluid

Properties
2. Black Oil Correlations

Standing Correlation for Bubble Point

Rs
g
API
T

:
:
:
:

03/01/17

Dissolved Gas to Oil Ratio

Gas Gravity
Oil Stock Tank Density
Reservoir Temperature in degrees F
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How to Obtain Fluid Properties

2. Black Oil Correlations

Restricted to the type of oil from which they were

derived
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How to Obtain Fluid Properties !

3. Compositional Modeling - Equation of
State - EOS
RT
a (T )
P

V b V ( V b) b( V b)

Z 3 1 B Z 2 A 2B 3B 2 Z AB B 2 B3

b
A

ln i i Z 1 ln Z B
b
B2 2

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x a

j ij

j1

f iL

fi

bi Z 1 2 B

ln
b
Z 1 2 B

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How to Obtain Fluid Properties !

3. Compositional Modeling
Equation of State - EOS
Based on Equilibrium Criteria
Fluid Mixture
Temperature

Y1 Y2 Y3Yn

Z1 Z2 Z3Zn

Gas
Equilibrium
Ratio
Ki

Pressure

X1 X2 X3Xn

Yi
Xi

Liquid
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Compositions & Phases

Hydrocarbons
Non
Phase:
Paraffins
Hydrocarbons
Solid/liquid
Naphtenes
Oxygen
gas
Aromatics
Nitrogen
Asphaltenes
Sulfur
Wax
Resins
CO2
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Hydrocarbon Families & Other

Reservoir Components
NON HYDROCARBONS
N2 upto10%

HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic

Aromatics

CO2 4%
H2S 6%
H2, He

Paraffins

Olefins

Naphtenics

Na, K, Fe, Cu,

Zn,
CaCl2,

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Cyclic
Aliphatics

MgCl2 5%
O2 Laboratory
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Analysis - C1-C6 and C7+

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What are Compositions ?

Asphaltene Structure
Wax (Paraffin) Structure

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Phase Envelope

Pressure (psia)

8000
7000

6000

Liquid

5000
4000
3000

Dew Point Region

Bubble Point Region

Vapour

Critical Point

Bubble point
line

D
2-phase Region

Dew point
line

2000
40

1000
0
20

40

60

80

20

E
10

100

Vapour

F
120

140

160

180

200

TemperatureC)
(
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Typical Reservoir Fluid

Compositions
Component
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Ethane
Propane
iso-Butane
normal-Butane
iso-Pentane
normal-Pentane
Hexanes
Heptanes
Octanes
Nonanes
Decanes
Undecanes
Dodecanes plus
Total

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Formula Dry Gas Wet Gas Retrogrde gas Volatile Oil Black Oil
N2
0.30
0.20
3.68
1.21
0.36
CO2
1.10
2.10
1.28
2.10
0.29
CH4
90.00
85.00
78.56
60.50
23.97
C2H6
4.90
4.70
5.62
7.75
6.42
C3H8
1.70
3.20
3.54
4.75
7.64
i-C4H10
0.60
1.20
0.36
2.27
1.79
n-C4H10
0.50
1.00
2.19
2.01
5.29
i-C5H12
0.30
0.90
0.19
1.96
2.98
n-C5H12
0.20
0.80
1.98
0.88
3.27
C6H14
0.20
0.30
0.68
1.90
4.85
C7H16
0.20
0.60
0.51
2.51
7.09
C8H18
0.44
2.45
7.67
C9H20
0.20
1.68
5.19
C10H22
0.12
1.45
4.47
C11H24
0.06
1.05
2.96
C12 plus
0.59
5.53
15.76
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100.00

100.00

100.00

19 100.00

Need Fluid Properties

Need Samples
How to Obtain Fluid Samples ?
Surface Sampling
Bottom Hole Sampling
Formation Tester Sampling
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Surface Sampling

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Bottom Hole Sampling

Preserved Samples
Reservoirs Conditions
Selective Sampling
Zones
Sampling early in the
life of the reservoir with
minimum disturbance
Lower overall cost

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Formation Tester Sampling

Assess reservoir fluid
quality
Contamination
Monitoring
Insitu Bubble point
determination

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Fluid Property Uncertainty

Is Sample Quality a Concern ?

Maximum
Acceptable
Uncertainty

Samples Poor Quality

Typically <10 %
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Is Sample Quality a Concern ?

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Conclusions
Fluid properties are required in various
disciplines of petroleum engineering
Petroleum fluids are complex mixtures and
therefore accurate properties must be
obtained
Laboratory analysis generally provide
reliable data
The compositional approach is preferred
and widely used
Samples may be collected using various
methods however obtaining a
representative sample is crucial.

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