PERFORMANCE

OF
PUMPS

Turbomachines
- is a mechanical device that
either extract energy from a
fluid or add energy to a fluid as
a result of dynamic interaction
between the device and the
fluid.

Pump
- is a turbomachine that
transfers energy from some
external source into the fluid.

Hydraulic Turbine
- is a turbomachine, rotary
machine that converts the
kinetic and potential energy of
water in mechanical work, and
is converted to electrical energy
in hydroelectric power plant.

TYPES OF
TURBINE
&
its
PERFORMANCES

Pelton Turbine
In Pelton pure impulse force of the water jet is responsible
for the rotation of the impeller. Water stored at high
altitude can produce high impose force due to its high
velocity. So Pelton turbines are suitable for operation
when water energy is available at high head and low flow
rate.
Head = 300-4000 m
Flow rate = 60-750 m3/s

Pelton Turbine
Working principle of Pelton turbine is simple. When a high
speed water jet injected through a nozzle hits buckets of
Pelton wheel; it induces an impulsive force. This force
makes the turbine rotate. The rotating shaft runs a
and between
produces
electricity.
Ingenerator
synchronization
power
demand and power supply is met by
controlling the water flow rate. If the power supply is more than the demand,
then the turbine will run over speed otherwise in under speed. But such a
governing mechanism in turn will balance the power supply and demand and
will make sure that the turbine rotates at a constant specifiedRPM. This
speed should also conforms to the power supply frequency. So this mechanism
acts as a speed governing mechanism of Pelton wheel.

Francis Turbine
They are the most reliable workhorse of hydroelectric
power stations. It contributes about 60 percentage of
the global hydropower capacity, mainly because it can
work efficiently under a wide range of operating
conditions
Francis turbine is capable of delivering high efficiency
even if there is a huge variation in these flow
parameters. Following are the head and flow rate under
which Francis turbine is preferred to operate.

Francis Turbine
Francis turbine is an inward-flow reaction turbine that
combines radial and axial flow concepts. Its water flow
is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially.
The major part of pressure drop occurs in the turbine
itself, unlike the impulse turbine where complete
pressure drop takes place up to the entry point and the
turbine passage is completely filled by the water flow
during the operation.

Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan

turbines are suitable for power

extraction when water energy is available at
low head and high flow rate. Following are the
operating conditions Kaplan turbine is best
suitable for
Head = 2-25 m
Flow rate = 70800 m^3/s
Kaplan turbine blades are adjustable. When
flow rate is high relative velocity of flow will be
more axial. So blade should pitch vertically. If
flow rate is low relative velocity of flow is more

Based on Head
According to Mechanical Engineering Formulas, Second Edition page 19-5.

Net Head

Type of Turbine

Up to 70 ft

Propeller (Kaplan) Type Turbine

70 ft to 110 ft

Reaction Turbine (Propeller Type / Francis)

110 ft to 800 ft

Francis Turbine

800 ft to 1300 ft

Francis Turbine / Pelton Wheel Turbine

1300 ft and above

Impulse Turbine (Pelton Wheel)

Factors affecting
the performance
of Hydraulic
Turbine

Gross Head
-difference between head and
tail water elevations.
HG = HHW - HTW

Where:
HG = Gross Head
HHW = Head Water Head
HTW = Tail Water Head

Friction Head Loss

- is the head lost by the flow in a stream of

conduit due to frictional disturbances set up by
the moving fluid and its containing conduit and by
intermolecular friction.

Net head or Effective head

- is the difference between the

gross head and the friction head
loss.
HNET = HG - HF
Where:
HNET = Net head
HG = Gross head
HF = Friction head loss

Penstock efficiency

- is the ratio of the net head to

the gross head.

Where:
eP = Penstock efficiency
HNET = Net head
HG = Gross head

Volume flow rate of water

- is the product of the velocity
and the cross-sectional area.

Q=Av

Where:
Q = Volume flow rate
A= Cross sectional area
v = velocity

Water Power
- is the power generated from an
elevated water supply by the use of
hydraulic turbines.

PW = Q HNET

Where:
Pw = Water power
= Specific weight
Q = Volume flow rate
HNET = Net head

HEADS
Head of Impulse
Turbine

Head of Reaction
Turbine

H = Head of Impulse Turbine

P = Inlet gage pressure

= Specific weight

v = velocity

va = Inlet Velocity
vb = Outlet Velocity

g = Gravitational Acceleration

z= static head

Turbine Power
Pt = Q H e t

Where:
Pt = Turbine power
= Specific weight
Q = Volume flow rate
HNET = Net head
et = Turbine Efficiency

Turbine Efficiency
- is the ratio of the turbine power
output to the water power output.

Generator Output Power

P g = Q H e t eg

Where:
Pt = Generator output power
= Specific weight
Q = Volume flow rate
H = Net Head
et = Turbine Efficiency
eg = Generator Efficiency or

Total Efficiency of Turbine

et = e h e m ev

Where:
et = Turbine Efficiency
eh = Hydraulic Efficiency
em = Mechanical Efficiency
eg = Volumetric Efficiency

Importance of
Performance
of
Hydraulic Turbines

Importance
Operating condition of hydraulic turbine is an
important factor to determine the performance of
hydraulic turbine during operation. According to
theoretical analysis and actual data, hydraulic turbine
characteristics can be revealed more directly by
adopting the parameter. Moreover, it can provide
excellent guidance for the safe, stable and efficient
operation of hydraulic turbine.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT AND

OPTIMIZATION
The improvement of hydraulic machinery performance
can basically come from two types of intervention:
Replacement of obsolete stator and/or rotor profiled
machinery parts with new ones
Repairing both for surface restoration and for
improvement of wear resistance, using coating
techniques

It is clear that these interventions are not alternative

but complementary, depending on the actual problem:

Hydraulic design obsolescence and installation

possibility, even with a partial renewal, of
machinery parts (in general active/rotor parts);
Corrosion, erosion or cavitation of turbine parts
submitted to a great wear-out, caused by loaded
water or particular operating conditions