Introduction To UNFCC & Kyoto Protocol: Ession

ACME
Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
Introduction to UNFCC
& Kyoto protocol
SESSION 4
United Nations Environment Program
Division of Technology Industry and Economy
Swedish International Development Agency
OUTLINE
Objectives of this session
1/ Background information
> What is the greenhouse effect and its impact on the climate system?
2/ Climate Change
> How is climate change linked to human activities?
3/ UNFCCC
> What are the objectives of UNFCCC and how is it organised?
4/ The Kyoto protocol
> What greenhouse gases are targeted?
> What are the 3 implementation mechanisms?
5/ CP and Kyoto Protocol
> How can industry in developing countries use CP as a tool to identify
opportunities for projects under the Kyoto protocol?
6/ Information and tools
> Tools and information about CP and the Kyoto protocol
ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 2 / 48
CLIMATE CHANGE
Introduction to Climate Change
A few basic facts

> Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG)
into the atmosphere.
> Climate change is a global issue:
1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA.
> Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing
the climate.
> Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by
about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100.
> Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the
global environment, economy and society.
BACKGROUND
Planets and atmospheres
Thin atmosphere (CO2 in the ground)

Average temperature: - 50C
MARS
0,03% of CO2 in the atmosphere

Average temperature: + 15C
EARTH
VENUS
96% of CO2 in the atmosphere
Average temperature: + 420C
BACKGROUND
The greenhouse gaz effect

1) Solar radiation
2) Reflected back to space

3) Absorbed by atmosphere
1
4
4) Infra-red radiations
emitted from Earth
5) Some of the IR passes
through the atmosphere
6) Some is absorbed and
re-emitted by greenhouse
gas molecules
The effect is increasing temperatures on Earth

BACKGROUND
Present carbon cycle

Storage and flux of carbon
(in billions of tones)
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS

Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100 years)
BACKGROUND
Human activity influence
BACKGROUND
Variation of the temperature on Earth
BACKGROUND
Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)
ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol -9 / 48
BACKGROUND
Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)
BACKGROUND
Climate change tends by 2100

TEMPERATURE
PRECIPITATIONS
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
: IPCC/SRESA2
ModelsSource
forecasts
: +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Visual impact of Climate Change
CLIMATE CHANGE
Impact of Climate Change on society
Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma
Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

CLIMATE CHANGE
Cost of extreme weather events
CLIMATE CHANGE
Less visual but with major impact
Consequences of
climate change:
Agriculture and food security

Crop yields, irrigation demands...
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
> Temperature increase

> Sea level rise
> More rain
Species and natural areas

Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...
UNFCCC
Overview of UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the
control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG).
Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994.
Status of participation: 189 Parties.
Contains 2 annexes:
Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate
the effects of climate change
Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to
developing countries for their obligations under UNFCC
Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

UNFCCC
Overall goal and objectives
What is the overall goal?

to protect the climate system for the benefit of
present and future generations of mankind.
What are the further objectives?
to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.
UNFCCC
Time taken to reach equilibrium
CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea level

continue to rise long after emissions are reduced !
UNFCCC
Means to achieve the objectives
What can be done to protect the climate system?

> Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors and
development of new and renewable energy forms/sources.
> Protection of sinks and reservoirs of GHGs.
> Limitation and reduction of transport and waste
management-related emissions.
> Policy changes toward elimination of market imperfections
and implementation of market-based instruments, and policy
reform to support GHG limits and reductions.
UNFCCC
Institutional framework
UNFCCC
Organisation of the Convention
UNFCCC
National level actors
National UNFCCC focal points

> Responsible for the Governments interaction and communication
with UNFCCC.
> Usually a specific ministry / department.
> Usually interacting with a wide range of other organizations /
stakeholders at the national level.
National CDM or JI organizations (DNA)

> Specific organization (authority) that is responsible for approving
CDM and JI activities at the national level.
> Often, but not always, the same as the National Focal Point.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Bringing UNFCCC into action
The Kyoto Protocol

> An addition to UNFCCC that requires developed countries to limit their
GHG emissions in 2012, as compared to their emissions in 1990.
> Provides detailed methods and mechanisms for how the emission
reductions can be achieved, measured and verified.
> All members in UNFCCC have not agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol!
A long process of ratification

> Adopted in 1997, but required the ratification of more than 55 countries
representing more than 55% of GHG emissions.
> Entered into force on February 16th, 2005 after ratification of the
Russian Federation (now 163 countries covering 61.6% of global
emissions have ratified the protocol).
KYOTO PROTOCOL
A market-based instrument
Kyoto Protocol characteristics

> Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5.2% by 2012
compared to 1990.
> Actual commitment period: 2008 - 2012.
> Individual goals for each country.
3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments

> ETS - Emissions Trading System
> CDM - Clean Development Mechanism (session 5)
> JI - Join Implementation (session 6)
6 greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6.

UNFCCC
Ratification of the Kyoto protocol
Signed and ratified

Signed, ratification pending
Signed, ratification declined
No position
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Greenhouse gases and GWP
KYOTO PROTOCOL
List of countries in Annex 1
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Czech Rep
Denmark
EC
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
UK
USA
* Countries with economies in transition to a market economy.

* Countries which did not ratify Kyoto protocol.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Greenhouse gas emissions in Annex 1
GHG emitted
(in billions tons CO2 equivalent)
Changes relative to 1990

(in %)
Countries in Annex 1
Economies in transition
Annex 1 - Economies in transition
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Emissions evolution in Annex1 (2003)
Decreased emissions in 2003

(1990 baseline)
Increased emissions in 2003

(1990 baseline)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Sectors concerned
Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG)

> Fuel combustion (energy production, manufacturing, transport, etc.)
> Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas, solid fuels, etc.)
Industrial processes (5 to 36% of total GHG)

> Production (metal production, mineral products, chemical industry etc.)
> Consumption (halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, solvents etc.)
Waste management (primarily CH4)

> Solid waste disposal on land, incineration, wastewater handling etc.
Land use (0,3 to 9% of total GHG)

> Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation,
agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field burning of
KYOTO PROTOCOL
CO2 emissions from industrial process
KYOTO PROTOCOL
CO2 emissions from land use change
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Flexible mechanisms
ETS - Emissions Trading System

> Can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction
commitments.
> One AAU (Assigned Amount Units) represents the tradable right to emit
one t CO2eq.
CDM - Clean Development Mechanism

> Allows public or private entities to invest in greenhouse gas (GHG)
mitigating activities in developing countries.
> CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) can be used by the project
investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market.
JI - Joint Implementation
> Emission reduction projects implemented jointly between Annex I
countries (developed countries and transition economies).
> ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) can be used by the project investor to
meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
CO2 market mechanisms
Limitations of CO2 emissions in

developed countries (Annex I)
4 options for companies
1/ Pay expensive
fines.
2/ Carry out carbon

reduction through
processes
improvement.
3/ Buy emissions
4/ Carry out carbon
credits on the
reduction through
CO2 market (ETS). technology transfers
in CDM or JI project.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Key Opportunities for industrials
In Developing Countries (part of Annex 2):

No national GHG reduction commitments but opportunity to host
CDM projects, thereby benefiting from associated investments,
technology transfer and transfer of know-how.
In Economies in Transition (part of Annex 1):

JI present an opportunity for these countries with emission
reductions to spare to attract investments and technology transfer.
What are the main opportunities for industrials?

> Technology transfer to improve process and energy efficiency
> Co-finance investments by selling emission credits
> Prepare for future commitments (after 2012)
> Achieve sustainable development
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Financial assistance
Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC)

Will fund projects relating to capacity building, adaptation, tech
transfer, climate change mitigation, economic diversification for
countries highly dependent on fossil fuel.
Least developed countries Fund (UNFCCC)

Will fund a special work programme to assist LDCs.
Adaptation Fund (Kyoto Protocol)

Global Environment Facility (GEF)
GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism and the
main funding channel for developing countries.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Assistance at national level
What can be done at the national level?

> National reporting of GHG emissions;
> Sources of technical assistance;
> Training and technology transfer;
> Ensuring compliance: penalties for not meeting reduction
targets (Annex B countries [Kyoto]):
For every 1 ton of CO2 emissions of non-compliance
during the first implementation period, 1.3 must be
reduced during the following implementation period.
CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL
CP practitioners: focal points for action
1/ Enabling activities - overcoming barriers

> work with government
> work with industry
2/ Kyoto Protocol implementation

> work with JI or CDM projects as project partner/proponent
3/ Function as a verification agency (DOE)

> auditing and on-going verification
CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL

CP practitioners (2)
How can they work with governments ?

> Public sector awareness and education
> Policy advice related to industries needs to enable JI/CDM
projects, in co-ordination with National CDM authority.
> Build relationship with National JI/CDM authority:
- co-operation on awareness-raising, workshops;
- co-operation with policy advice to government;
- co-operation with pilot studies, projects.
CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL

CP practitioners (3)
How can they work with industry ?

> Private sector awareness and education workshops.
> Continued emphasis on enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant
sectors including GHG measurements:
- renewable energy sources
- energy conversion and recovery
- new energy efficient processes
- technology transfer for non-energy-related GHG reductions
> Develop projects with industry:

- integrate greenhouse gas calculations into in-plant assessments;
- transfer CP investment financing knowledge toward JI/CDM related
project development for.
CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL

Synthesis
Policy advice on industrys

needs to enable JI/CDM.
With national focal point (NFP),
submit pilot and full-scale projects to GEF.
Cleaner
Production
Activities
Engage in technology needs

assessments project with NFP.
Propose JI/CDM projects.
Raise awareness of JI/CDM opportunities
among local key industries and partners.
Assistance in formulation of National
Implementation Plans
(GHG inventories, needs, etc.).
Kyoto
Protocol
INFORMATIONS & TOOLS

Official websites
UNFCCC, site of the Convention

http://unfccc.int
IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change
http://www.ipcc.ch
Technology Information System (1)
TT:CLEAR
> Web-based technology transfer information system /
clearing house developed by the secretariat.
> Up-to-date information on the latest technology transfer
projects and case studies of successful technology transfer,
environmentally sound technologies and know-how.
> http://ttclear.unfccc.int
Technology Information System (2)

> Over 40 case studies;
> More than 600 links to relevant web sites;
> An inventory of methods, models and tools;
> Inventory of technology cooperation projects:
- Projects cited in National Communications of Annex I
Parties or non-Annex 1;
- Projects cited in submissions from Parties within the
consultative process
> Activities implemented jointly projects;

> Global Environmental Facility projects and
programmes;
> Some bilateral projects not reported in national
communications of Annex I Parties,
> Some multilateral projects and programmes
such as non-GEF related activities of UNEP,
UNDP, UNIDO, regional development banks and
other multilateral implementing agencies.

GHG Indicator
UNEP Greenhouse Gas Indicator

> UNEP guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions
for businesses and non-commercial organizations.
> http://www.unep.fr/energy/tools/ghgin/index.htm

GERIAP
GERIAP - Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction

from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (2001-2006)
> The project seeks to support Asian businesses to become
more energy efficient.
> The project home page contains a complete set of tools and
information for business, government and intermediaries,
including case studies, work sheets and guideline materials.
> http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org
> http://www.geriap.org

CP-EE projects
Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency through a Cleaner

Production / Environmental Management System Framework
> UNEP project to use CPO for improving energy efficiency in industry
> Focus on capacity building in National CP Centers
> The CP-EE Manual on CD-ROM
> http://www.unep.fr/energy/projects/cp-ee/cpee_project.htm
CONCLUSION
End of session 4
Thank you for your attention

Any questions?

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ACME

Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

Swedish International Development Agency

Objectives of this session

Introduction to Climate Change

A few basic facts

Planets and atmospheres

Thin atmosphere (CO2 in the ground)

0,03% of CO2 in the atmosphere

The greenhouse gaz effect

2) Reflected back to space

The effect is increasing temperatures on Earth

Present carbon cycle

SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 6 / 48

Human activity influence

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 7 / 48

Variation of the temperature on Earth

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 8 / 48

Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol -9 / 48

Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 10 / 48

Climate change tends by 2100

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 11 / 48

Visual impact of Climate Change

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 12 / 48

Impact of Climate Change on society

Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma

Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

Cost of extreme weather events

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 14 / 48

Less visual but with major impact

Agriculture and food security

> Temperature increase

Species and natural areas

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 15 / 48

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

Overall goal and objectives

What is the overall goal?

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 17 / 48

Time taken to reach equilibrium

CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea level

Means to achieve the objectives

What can be done to protect the climate system?

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 19 / 48

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 20 / 48

Organisation of the Convention

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 21 / 48

National level actors

National UNFCCC focal points

National CDM or JI organizations (DNA)

Bringing UNFCCC into action

The Kyoto Protocol

A long process of ratification

Kyoto Protocol characteristics

3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments

6 greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6.

Ratification of the Kyoto protocol

Signed and ratified

Greenhouse gases and GWP

ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 26 / 48