Subtopics

Subtopics
11.1 Biodiversity and
classification
11.2 Domain Bacteria and
Archaea
11.3 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Protista/ Protoctista
11.4 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Fungi

Hours

1
1

Subtopic 11.1
Biodiversity and
Classification
Objectives:
a)State types of biodiversity (genetic,
species & ecosystem)
b)State hierarchical classification
c)State the classification systems:
Five-kingdom system by Whittaker (1969)
Three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea
& Eukarya)

3 Types of Biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity

Species diversity

Genetic diversity

Types of biodiversity
A.Ecosystem
diversity

Variety of
environments produced
by the interactions of
the living organisms
and non-living world
(soil, rocks water and
air)

Types of Biodiversity
B. Species
diversity
Variety of different
living things in a
particular ecosystem

Types of Biodiversity
C. Genetic
diversity
Variety of genetic
characteristics in the
genetic makeup of a
species
Variations between
individuals of a species
- characteristics passed
down from parents to
their offspring

Hierarchical
Classification
A system in which individuals are
grouped into an ascending series of
successively larger and broader
categories
so that lower groups are always included in
group that are higher in the hierarchy

Classify organisms into taxonomic groups

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus & Species

Hierarchical
Classification
Definition :
Systemati
cs
Phylogen
y
Taxonomy
Taxon

Study of relationships among

organisms
The evolutionary tree / history of a
group of organisms
The science of naming and
classifying organisms
A group or category at any level in
a system for classifying plant or
animals

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain The highest order of life classification
Kingdo

A large grouping of all phyla

m
Phylum A large grouping of all classes that share some common
features

Class

A grouping of similar orders

Order

A grouping of related families

Family

A grouping of similar genera

Genus

A group of species that are very closely related

Species A group of similar individuals that can interbreed freely to

produce fertile offspring

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Kingdo
m
Phylu
m
Class
Order
Family
Scientific name:
Genus + species,
always underlined

Genus
Species

Hierarchical
Classification
The highest category is
the Domain while the
lowest category is
Species

Classification of two organisms

using the Linnaeus Taxonomic Hierarchy
Categories

Taxon: PLANT
(Zea mays)

Taxon : ANIMAL
(Homo sapiens)

Domain

Eukarya

Eukarya

Kingdom

Plantae

Animalia

Phylum

Angiospermophyta

Chordata

Class

Monocotyledoneae

Mammalia

Order

Glumiflora

Primates

Family

Maydeae

Hominidae

Genus

Zea

Homo

Species

Zea mays

Homo sapiens

Subtopic 11.1

Biodiversity and
Classification
Classification systems
1.Five-kingdom system by Whittaker
(1969)
2.Three-domain system by Woese
(1977)

Five-kingdom System
Living organisms

Prokaryotes
Kingdom
Monera

Unicellular
Kingdom
Protista

Saprophytic
nutrition
Kingdo
m Fungi

Proposed by
Whittaker (1969)

Eukaryotes

The 5 kingdoms are:

Multicellular

Photosynthetic
nutrition
Kingdo
m

Holozoic
nutrition
Kingdo
m

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Five-kingdom System
Living organisms

The five-kingdom
system is based on:

Prokaryotes
Kingdom
Monera

Eukaryotes

1.Levels of cell
organisation

(prokaryotes & eukaryotes)

Unicellular
Kingdom
Protista

Saprophytic
nutrition
Kingdo
m Fungi

Multicellular

(unicellular & multicellular)

Photosynthetic
nutrition
Kingdo
m

2.Levels of organism
3.Types of nutrition

Holozoic
nutrition
Kingdo
m

(saprophytic,
photosynthetic & holozoic)

Five-kingdom system by Whittaker

(1969)
1. Level of
organiZation

Prokaryot
e
Kingdo
m
Monera

Eukaryote
2. Level of
organism

Unicellula
r

Multicellu
lar
3. Types of
nutrition

Kingdom
Protista

Saprophy
tic

Photosynt
hetic

Kingdo
m Fungi

Kingdom
Plantae

Holozoic
Kingdo
m
Animali
a

Types of Nutrition
1. Saprophytic/saprotro
phic nutrition
Done by organisms called
saprotrophs / saprobes that
breakdown dead or
decaying organic materials
and convert them into
inorganic materials
They are decomposers
(such as fungi) that recycle
the inorganic material back
to the environment

Types of Nutrition
2. Photosynthetic
nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, the
organisms synthesise their
own organic materials from
inorganic materials like
water, carbon dioxide &
mineral salts in the presence
of light energy
(photosynthesis)
Done by organisms called
photoautotrophs (such as
plants & algae)

Types of Nutrition
3. Holozoic nutrition
food
wastes

mouth

gastrovascular
cavity

The taking in of food which

have to be further broken
down into simpler particles
inside the organism
It involves processes like
ingestion, digestion,
absorption and assimilation
Done by animals
(herbivores, carnivores &
omnivores)

CELL
ORGANIZAT
ION

ORGANIS
M

FEEDING
MODE

EXAMPL
ES

MONERA

Prokaryotes

Unicellular

Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Heterotroph

Bacteria
Cyanobacteria

PROTISTA

Eukaryotes

Unicellular

Photoautotroph
Heterotroph

Protozoa

Multicellular

Heterotroph
(saprophytic)

Rhizophus
Penicillium
Agaricus

Multicellular

Photoautotroph
(photosynthetic)

Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Spermatophyta

Multicellular

Heterotroph
(holozoic)

Porifera
Nematoda
Chordata

Kingdom

FUNGI

PLANTAE

ANIMALIA

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Three-domain System
Living organisms

Prokaryote

Domai
nBact
eria

Domai
nArch
aea

Eukaryote

Domai
nEuka
rya

Kingdo Kingdo
m
m Fungi
Protista
Kingdo
/
m
Protocti
Plantae
sta

Based on new
information
(molecular data)
Classification now
follows the threedomain system:
1. Domain Bacteria

Kingdo
m
Animali
a

2. Domain Archaea
3. Domain Eukarya