PREFABRICATED

WALL PANEL

CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Features
3. HISTORY
4. Prefabricated ,advantage and disadvantage
5. Concrete wall panel ,advantage and disadvantage
6. TYPES OF PRECAST COMPONENTS IN A BUILDING
7. PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
8. EQUIPMENTS USED IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION
9. Type of precast system
10.Assemble and connection
11.Joint in slab and its types

Introduction:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The concept of precast structures also known as prefabricated/ modular structures.

The structural components are standardized and produced in plants in a location
away from the building site.
Then transported to the site for assembly.
The components are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass
production in order to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost.

Features:
5.
6.
7.
8.

The division and specialization of the human workforce.

The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the
production of standard, interchangeable parts and products.
Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection is faster and less
affected by adverse weather conditions.
Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and greater control
on finishes.

HISTORY:

1.

Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured the material into moulds
to build their complex network ofaqueducts,culverts, and tunnels. Modern uses for precast technology include a variety of architectural and structural applications featuring
parts of or an entire building system.

2.

In the modern world, precast panelled buildings were pioneered inLiverpool,England, in

1905. A process was invented by city engineerJohn Alexander Brodie, whose inventive
genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in
Liverpoolfollowed in 1906. The idea was not taken up extensively in Britain. However, it
was adopted all over the world, particularly in Eastern Europe [4]andScandinavia.

3.

In the US, precast concrete has evolved as two sub-industries, each represented by a
major association. The Precast Concrete Products industry focuses on utility,
underground, and other non-prestressed products, and is represented primarily by the
National Precast Concrete Association (NPCA). The Precast Concrete Structures industry
focuses on prestressed concrete elements and on other precast concrete elements used
in above-ground structures such as buildings, parking structures, and bridges. This
industry is represented primarily by of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI).

What is prefabricated?
Prefabricated: A Structure fabricated at an offsite location and brought to the site as fully
assembled for installation.

What is wall panel?

wall panel: A wall panel is a single piece of material like concrete , timber , masonry etc
usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape.

What is prefabricated wall panel?

prefabricated wall panel: A Structure fabricated at an offsite location , construct structure
like column , beam, slab and panel use material such as concrete , reinforcement etc.

WHAT do you mean by panel?

PANEL: It is distance between two adjacent support or joints.

Advantage of prefabricated wall panel:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

It can construct easily.

Reduce labor and material cost.
Wall panels are decorative, providing insulation and soundproofing.
Easy to replace.
It is a framework structure.
Finishing is easy.
Resist weathering agencies.
Low maintenance.
Save time and energy.

Disadvantage of prefabricated wall panel:

1.
2.
3.
4.

This structure is Less used.

It is necessary to arrange for special equipment for lifting and moving.
If not properly handled, the precast units may be damaged during transport.
Initial cost is high.

Types of wall panel:

5. Concrete panel
6. CONCRETE WALL PANELS: Those panel is made up of concrete is called concrete wall
panel.

ADVANTAGE:
7.
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9.
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15.

It is not necessary to provide joints in the precast construction.

The work can be completed in a short time, when precast units are adopted.
When precast structures are to be installed, it is evident that the amount of
scaffolding and formwork is considerably reduced.
Precast concrete provides excellent protection against impacts from explosions,
vehicles and projectiles.
This panel is easy to install.
It resist weathering agencies.
Precast concrete requires little or no maintenance as compare to other material.
Precast concrete wall panels offer costs when compared with other materials.
It is high Efficiency.

DISADVANTAGE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If not properly handled, the precast units may be damaged during transport.
It becomes difficult to produce connections between the precast members.
It is necessary to arrange for special equipment for lifting and moving of the
precast units.
Skilled workmanship is required in the application of the panel on site.
cranes are required to lift panels.

TYPES OF PRECAST COMPONENTS IN A BUILDING:

1. Precast Beams:
1. Internal beams where floor loading is approximately symmetrical
2. External beams where floor loading is predominantly nonsymmetrical.

2. Precast Columns: For structures of five storey or less, each column will normally be continuous
to the full height of the building. For structures greater than five storey two or more columns are
spliced together.
The main types of precast columns are:
1. Edge columns symmetrical in one direction.
2. Internal columns symmetrical in all directions.
3. Corner columns not symmetrical at all.

3. Precast floor slabs:

1. Hollow cored slab
2. Double tee slab

4. Precast walls:
Precast concrete walls serve two functions:
. Stability
. As walls or boxes surrounding staircases and lift shafts.
Walls may be classified as infill or cantilever:
. Infill walls rely on contiguous composite action with the beam and column frame.
. Cantilever walls or boxes act as deep beams to which the frame is attached.

5.
1.
2.
3.

Precast staircases: Three options are available for precast staircases:

A single precast unit containing all the flights and landings.
Separate precast flights and landings.
Parts of the flights and landings are made in one piece.

PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:

1. Precast Concrete Slabs: it is a horizontal member , a large, thick, flat piece of stone or
concrete, square or rectangular in shape . It is used for floor and roof decks.

TYPES OF SLAB:
1. SOLID FLAT SLAB : A flat slab is a two way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not
have beams and girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete
columns.
The column tends to punch through the slab in Flat Slabs , which can be treated by three methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Flat slab with drop panel: uses

Drop panels increase shear strength of flat slab floor.
Drop panels increase flat slab's negative moment capacity.
Drop panels reduce deflection by stiffening the flat slabs.

2. Flat slab with column head: uses

5. Shear strength of flat slab is increased by using column heads.
6. Column heads reduce the clear or effective span, and therefore, reduce the moment in the flat
slab floor.

7. Flat slab with column head and drop panel

2. HOLLOW CORE SLAB: A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, it is a precast slab of
prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multistory apartment buildings.

LENGTH WITH OR WITHOUT PRESTRESSED WIRE ROPE:

.
The precast concrete slab has tubular voids extending the full length of the slab , diameter is 2.

3 to 3-4. The slabs are 120 cm wide with standard thicknesses between 15 cm and 50 cm.
Reinforcing steel wire rope provides resistance to bending moment from loads. Slabs in
prestressed concrete are usually produced in lengths of up to 200 meters

. In without prestressed steel rope wire ,The size of these elements will typically range
in width from 600 to 2400 mm, in thickness from 160 to 500 mm, and can be
delivered in lengths of up to 24 m.

void: voids in the hollow core slabs reduce weight and cost and can conceal or cover
electrical or mechanical runs.

3. Double tee

: double T beam is a load bearing structure that resembles two T

beams connected to each other side by side.
Flange horizontal structure and web vertical member creates a structure that is capable
of withstanding high loads while having a long span.
Size of double tee slab flange width is 4.6m and web depth is 1.5m , span length is 24m
or more.

4. Single tee : single T beam is a load bearing structure that resembles one T
beams connected to slab. They are used to provide spans ranging from 30 to 100
feet. Single-tees may be placed flange to flange. Span length ranging to 3.5m to
30m.

T BEAM :

Flange is compression member resist compressive stress and Web is

vertical member resist shear stress.
1. Compressive stressis thestresson materials that leads to a smaller volume.
2. Shear stressis astressstate where thestress is parallel to the surface of the
material, as opposite to normalstresswhen thestressis vertical to the surface.

BEAM:

BEAM is a horizontal structural member, a long piece of timber or metal used

to support the roof or floor of a building. It transfer the load on column. Example :
Purlin , girder etc.

OR
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting against bending.

TYPES OF BEAM:
1. RECTANGULAR BEAM
2. L SHAPED BEAM
3. INVERTED TEE BEAM
4. AASHTO BEAM

EQUIPMENTS USED IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION:

Cranes:
1. Mobile crane: A mobile crane is a cable controlled crane mounted on
crawlers. A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with awire ropes
andsheaves, that can be used both to lift and to move them horizontally . It is
used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other place.

2. Tower crane (above 3stories):

A mobile crane is a cable controlled

crane mounted on crawlers. A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with
awire ropes andsheaves, that can be used both to lift and to move them
horizontally . It is used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
place.
Maximum reach: 230 feet (70 meters)
Maximum lifting power : 19.8 tonne (20 tonne)

Lifting tools:
3. spreader beams:

A spreader bar is a type of below the hook lifting device

used to aid crane operators in picking up large and sometimes heavy loads.

4. wire rope slings

rigging tools:
1.eye bolt : on the element lifting point.
2.shakles : on the element lifting point.
3. hooks: attach for the crane.

Types of pre cast system:

1.

Large-panel systems: it is
box-like structure. In which both
vertical and horizontal elements
are load-bearing.

2. Frame system : Components are

usually linear elements. The beams are
seated on corbels of the pillars. Joints
are filled with concrete at the site.

3.Slab-column systems with

walls
4.Mixed systems

Assemble :

Structure member or
parts to put and connected together
with the help of device and material.

1. Column to column
connection: Metal bearing plates
and embedded anchor bolts are cast
into the ends of the columns.
After the columns are mechanically
joined, the connection is grouted to
provide full bearing between elements
and protect the metal components
from fire and corrosion.

2. Beam-toColumn
Connection :

Beams are set on

bearing pads on
the column
corbels .

Steel angles are

welded to metal
plates cast into
the beams and
columns and the
joint is grouted
solid.

3. Slab-to-Beam
connection:
1. Hollow core
slabs are set on
bearing pads on
precast beams.

2. Steel reinforcing
bars are in
inserted into the
slab keyways to
span the joint.

3. The joint is
grouted solid.

4. The slab may

remain on
topped with
several inches of
cast in place
concrete.

4. Sitecast
Concrete
Toppings over
Precast Slabs:

1. Greater floor
strength and
stiffness.
2. Greater fire
resistance.
3. Greater acoustic
isolation.
4. Allow easy
integration of
electrical services
into floor system.
5. Create a
smoother, flatter
floor surface.

5. Precast Concrete Construction and Seismic Design:

1. In areas of high seismic risk, structures must be designed to respond safely to the
dynamic forces imparted into the structure.
2. Innovations in joint design are improving the connection systems in precast
concrete structures and making them increasingly suitable for use in such areas.

Joint: A point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined.

Type of Joints in Slab
3. Control joint contraction joints : it is used in slab to prevent cracking due to
shrinkage .
2. Isolation joint expansion joints : An expansion jointormovement jointis
an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-inducedexpansionand
contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts together.
3.

Construction joint: these are placed where concrete pouring stops for the day to
prevent moisture penetration into the interior space.

THANK YOU