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ANALYSIS
Jorge A. Prieto-S. PhD, Peng, Profesor EAFIT
Based on the Class Notes by Profesor D. M. Potts, Imperial
College of Science Technology and Medicine, University of
London, U. K.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Requirements for a General Solution
In general, a theoretical solution must satisfy the
following:
EQUILIBRIUM
COMPATIBILITY
THE MATERIAL CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOUR
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (BOTH FORCE AND
DISPLACEMENT)
Equilibrium
Neglecting inertia effects and all body forces except self
weight, stresses in the soil mass must satisfy the
following three equations.
Compatibility
Physically
Consider the cubical element composed of cubes as
shown in the figure below. After straining, the smaller
cubes may be so distorted as to form into the array
shown in (b). This condition might represent failure by
rupture. Alternatively deformation might be such that the
various cubes fit together as shown in (c). This condition
represents a compatible deformation.
Mathematically
If deformations are defined by continuos functions u, v and w in
the x, y and z directions respectively then the strains (assuming
small strain theory) are defined by:
;
It can be shown mathematically that for a compatible
displacement field to exist all the above components of strain
and their derivatives must exist (are bounded) and be continuos
to at least the second order.
So far we have:
Unknowns: 6 stresses + 6 strains + 3 displacements = 15
unknowns
Equations: 3 equilibrium + 6 compatibility = 9 equations
Constitutive Behaviour
This is a description of material behaviour. In simple
terms it is the stress-strain behaviour of the soil. It
usually takes the form of a relationship between stresses
and strains and therefore provides a link between
equilibrium and compatibility. For calculation purporses
the constitutive behaviour has to be expressed
mathematically:
Note
For a linear elastic materials the [D] matrix takes the following form:
The
IDEALISATIONS
In order to apply the above concepts to a real
geotechnical
problem
certain
assumptions
and
idealisations must be made. In particular it is necessary
to specify soil behaviour in the form of a mathematical
constitutive relationship. It may also be necessary to
simplify and/or idealise the geometry and/or boundary
conditios of the problema.
Plane strain
Due
to the special geometric characteristics of many of the physical
problems treated in soil mechanics, additional simplifications of
considerable magnitude can be effected. Such problems as the
analysis of retaining walls, of continuos footings, and of the stability
of slopes generally offer one dimensin very large in comparision with
the other two. Hence, if the force and/or applied displacement
boundary conditions are perpendicular to, and independent of, this
dimension, all cross sections will be the same. If the z dimension of
the problem is large and it can be assumed that the state of affairs
existing in the xy plane holds for all planes parallel to it, the
displacement of any cross section parallel to any other is zero (w=0),
and the displacement u and v are independent of the z coordinate.
The conditions consistent with these approximations are said to
define the very important case of PLANE STRAIN:
The
constitutive relationship then reduces to:
However for elastic and the majority of material idealistaions currently used to
represent soil behaviour D52 = D51 = D54 = D61 = D62 = D64 = 0 and consequently
changes
It is common to consider only the stresses when performing analysis for plane strain
problems. This is accpetable if D11, D12, D14, D21, D22, D24, D42 and D44 are no
dependent on This condition holds if the soil is assumed to be elastic. It is also true if
the Tresca or Mohr Coulumb failure condition is adopted and it is assumed that the
intermediate stress 2 = z. Such an assumption is usually adopted for the analysis of
geothecnical problems. Is should be noted, however, that these are special cases.
Axi- Simmetry
Some
problems poses rotational symmetry. For example a uniform or
Elasticity
The
simplest assumption is to assume that soil behaves as a
A more severe limmitation of the isotropic linear elastic model is that failure cannot be
simulated. When soil is sheared it tends to follow a nonlinear stress-strain curve as
shown in the figure. The gradient of the curve, in this case equal to the shear
modulus, G, continuosly decreases as the strain increases. A simple way of modelling
this behaviour is by using nonlinear isotropic elasticity in which the moduli K and G
vary as a function of strain level (to be general they should also vary with stress level
as well).
However as elastic materials are conservative all of the work done by external
stresses during an increment of deformation is stored and is recovered on unloading.
This means that if load is applied such that the material strains along the stress-strain
curve in the figure above when it is removed it will retrace the stress strain curve
back to the origin.It is therefore difficult to simulate load-unload loops that are
observed in real soil behaviour. In addition the strain directions at failure are not
modelled correctly by elasticity and the problema of spherical and deviatoric
uncoupling, as outlined above, still exists.
Plasticity
An
is to asume the soil is elasto-plastic. An elasto-plastic constitutive model
requires
improvement
the following essential information (assumptions):
It is assumed that the principal directions of stress and plastic strain increment coincide.
A yield Surface F(which separates purely elastic from elasto-plastic behaviour. In general
the surfaces is a function of the stress state and its size also changes as a function of the
hardenind/softening parameters are functions of the plastic strains the model is known as
strain hardening/softening. If they are a function of the plastic work then the model is
known as work hardenind/softening. If there is no hardening or softening such that the
yield function is not dependent on any hardening/softening parameters the model is
known as ideal plastic.
A relationship between plastic strain increments. This is usually specified in the form of a
plastic potential Surface G() = 0. The plastic strain increment vector is equal to the
gradient of this curve times an unknown scalar .
A hardening/softening law which describes how the parameters, k1, vary with plastic
straining. This enables the scalar to be quantified. If the model is ideal then clearly this
relationship is not required.
Ideal Plasticity
In this case the yield Surface is fixed in stress and does
not change position as loading takes places. If the sress
state remains below the yield surface behaviour is
entirely elastic. If the stress state reaches the yield
surface plastic straining occurs. It is not posible for the
stress state to extend beyond the yield Surface.
Consider
an element of soil acted upon by a two dimensional system
Again
consider an element of soil acted upon by a two dimensional system
os stresses . Initially the simple is stress free at point o in the above
Figures. is then increased keeping until point a is reached. As the stress
state remains below (inside) the yield Surface soil behaviour is entirely
elastic. As the stress state remains below (inside) the yield Surface soil
behaviour is entirely elastic. Althought does not change there will be a
strain due to the Poissons ratio effect. is then kept constant and increased
until first yield is reached at point b. While the stress remains below the
yield Surface behaviour is again elastic and the strain is controlled by the
elastic moduli. Once the initial yield Surface is reached point b, plastic
straining begins. With further increase in the plastic strains increase and
the yield Surface expands (isotropic hardening) according to the hardening
law. As it is possible to increase then elastic strains will develop
simultaneously with the plstic strains. As loading continues the gradient of
the yield Surface and therefore the ratio of the plastic strain components,
and , is likely to change. Eventually the yield Surface will stop hardening
and failure will occur as for the ideal plasticity case discussed above.
Ifat stage d is removed such that the stress path da followed the stress strain curve will follow the path de. Behaviour will be elastic on initial unloading and will
remain so if the model is of the isotropic hardening type.
After complete unloading there will be a permanent strain
y which is equal to the plastic strain generated during
loading from b to d. If was then increased again
behaviour would remain elastic until the stress state
reached point d at which point elasto-plastic behaviour
would be initiated.
Following
Strain Parameters
Consider and arbitrary stress-strain curve
A
o 1
Initially
stress is and the strain is .
1
The strain energy per unite volumen due to the application of
is
2
Extension
y
xy/2
/2
III
/2
xy/2
Pole
II
/2xy
II
Compression
III
I
/2xy
IV
I
V
I
90-V
90-V
V
E
B
P is an arbitrary Pole
Points A and B represent conditions of strain for which
there is zero direct strain-only shear strain.
The lines PA and PB are planes normal to which there is
no direct strain i.e. They are normal to lines of zero
extensin given by AE and BE.
The angle OAB and OBA is v
Where sin v = -) / (= Or tan v = -where the shear strain.