ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

Thermodynamics: can be defined as the science of ENERGY and ENTROPY

It deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another
It is based on experimental observations (0th law, 1st law, 2nd law, 3rd law)
Zeroth Law: This law is really the basis of temperature measurement by thermometers.
It states that; if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are
also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
If T1=T3 & T2=T3

then

TC T 273.150

T1=T2

9
TF TC 320
5

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

First Law: is an expression of the conservation of energy principle.
For a Closed System: Q- W=dE=dU+dKE+dPE
Q-W=U+ KE+ PE
where W=Wb+Wother & Wb=Pdv & U=m(u2-u1)& KE=1/2.m.(v22-v12)& PE=mg(z2-z1)
System types:

Mass cannot cross the

boundaries of a closed
system, but energy
can.
Both mass and energy
can cross the boundary
of a control volume.

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

For a Control Volume(Open System):
dm
cv m
m
e

m
i
cv
dt
V2
V2
cv m

(h e gz ) m
(h i gz )
Q
W

cv
cv
e e 2
e
i i 2
i
dt
Proper process type for CV analysis?
dE

For a SSSF Process:

dm
m
e m
...and...m

0
m
i
cv
dt

V2 V2
dE

cv 0 ..and ..Q

h h e i g z z
W
m
e i
e i
cv
cv
dt
2
2

For a USUF Process:

m
e (m - m )
m
i
2 1 cv

V2
V2

V
V

e
i

Q W m h
gZ m h
gZ m u
gZ m u
gZ
cv
cv
e e 2
e
i i 2
i
2
2

cv

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

Second Law: states that processes occur in a certain direction but not in the reverse direction.
Kelvin-Planck Statement for heat engines: It is impossible to construct a device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce an equivalent amount of work. (i.e., QH=Wnet, out & QL=0
&nth=1, impossible). Part of the heat received by a heat engine is converted to work, while the rest is rejected to a
sink. (i.e., Wnet,out=QH-QL where QH>QL & QH>Wnet, out, so nth=(Wnet, out/QH)<1, always in real cases)
Clasius Statement for heat pumps and refrigerators: It is impossible to construct a device that
operates on a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower temperature body to a
higher temperature one. (i.e., Wnet,in=0 &QL=QH, impossible) (so that COPHP>1 & COPR><=1, always in real cases)

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

Reversible process: is defined as a process which can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings. That is, both the system and surroundings are
returned to their initial states at the end of the reverse process.
rreversibilities;

-Heat transfer
-Friction
-Sudden expansion and compression
-Mixing of different substances
-etc.
internally reversible means that there is no irreversibility in the system.
externally reversible means that there is no irreversibility in the surroundings.
totally reversible means that there is no irreversibility in both system and surroundings.

Entropy: is a property. It is a quantitative measure of microscopic disorder for a

system. Entropy is a measure of energy that is no longer available to perform useful
work within the current environment. The definition of the entropy is based on the
following Clasius inequality; Q 0......... (kJ/K)
T
Q
Q
dS
and S S S

T
T
Q
dS

T
S S S S 0 for all processes ( 0, impossi
2

int.rev.pr ocess

for all processes(reversible irreversible)

gen

total

sys

surr

int.rev.pr ocess

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

For a closed system:
S S S S
gen

total

sys

surr

Q
0 where Q
S S
T

Q
0
S S m s m s
T

For a control volume:

S

gen

surr

total

sys

surr

Q Q and T T 298.2K
sys

surr

surr

gen

total

sys

For a SSSF process;

S gen S total

m s e - si

Q surr
0.......(k W/K)
Tsurr

For a USUF process;

Q
S gen S total me s e mi si m2 s 2 m1s1 cv surr
Tsurr

Q surr

Tsurr

where S sys m 2 s 2 m1s1 cv and S surr me s e mi si

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

Entropy change for a pure substance:
S m s s for any process and S 0 for an isentropic process
2

Entropy change for incompressible substances (i.e., solids and liquids):

dU PdV
Q - W dU TdS - PdV dU dS

T
T
mCdT
where dV 0 for an incompress ible substance, dS
T
T
S m Cav ln 2
T1
Entropy change for ideal gases:

(a) For any process

dU PdV
mC dT mRdV
(i) Q - W dU TdS - PdV dU dS

dS

T
T
T
V

T
v
Rln

S m C ln
T
v

(ii) Q - W dU TdS - PdV d(H PV) TdS - PdV dH PdV VdP

mC dT mRdP
dH VdP
dS
dS

T
T
T
P

T
P
Rln

S m C ln
T
P

v0

v, av

p,av

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

For an isentropic process of ideal gases:

T
v
T
P
Rln
m C ln
Rln

S 0 S m C ln
T
v
T
P

v,av

T
T

2
1

k 1
k

v
v

k 1

p,av

P
P

OR

2
1

v

(i.e., isentropic relations)

v
1

C
; k 1.4 for air at STP
C
Isentropic Efficiency (ns): (a) for turbines (b) for compressors (c ) for nozzles

where R C C and k
p

(W ) m(h h ) C (T T )
n

(W ) m(h h ) C (T T )
out

2a

2a

out

2s

2s

ts

(W ) m(h h ) C (T T )
n

(W ) m(h h ) C (T T )
in

2s

2s

in

2a

2a

cs

V m(h h ) C (T T )
n

V m(h h ) C (T T )
2

2a

ns

2a

2a

2s

2s

2s

when V V
1

2a

ME 204 GENERAL REVIEW

Third Law: was developed by the chemist Walther Nernst, during the years 1906-1912,
and is thus sometimes referred to as Nernst's theorem or Nernst's postulate. It is a
statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero
of temperature. The most common enunciation of third law of thermodynamics is:
As a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the
system approaches a minimum value.
Note that the minimum value is not necessarily zero, although it is almost always zero in
a perfect, pure crystal. (As always, reducing the entropy of a system requires increasing
the entropy of its surroundings, in accord with the second law.)
Or, it states that "it is impossible by any procedure, no matter how idealised, to reduce
any system to the absolute zero of temperature in a finite number of operations".
Or in simple terms, it states that the entropy of most pure substances approaches zero
as the absolute temperature approaches zero. This law provides an absolute reference
point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the
absolute entropy.