What are gases?

The three states of matter

Fennisa Andini C
3415133084
State University of Jakarta

The Three states of matter

Class interaction

Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases. We have

made some of these gases and observed their
properties. Where else might we find gases about
us ? Some examples are listed :
Car and bike tyres are pumped up with compressed
air.
A compressor is used to fill a divers air tanks.
Ballons are usually blown up with air, hydrogen or
helium.
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Comparison of The Properties of

Gases Liquids and Solids
Although ice, liquid water and water vapour all
consist of H2O molecules, the physical properties
of these three states are quite different. We will
now compare the properties of the gas, liquid and
solid states of some subtances.

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

A comparison of the physical properties of gases,
liquids and solids is shown in the table below.
property
Relative
volumes of a
sample in
different
states

State
Gas

Liquid

Solid

Large volume
( low density)

Small volume
(high density)

Small volume
(high density)

Dependence of
volume of
sample on the
volume of its
container
Dependence of
shape of a
sample on the
shape of the
container

Volume change
to volume of
container

Volume fixed

Shape changes to Shape changes to

shape of
shape of filled
container
part of container

Volume fixed

Shape fixed

Ease of
compression

Easily
compressed

Nearly
incompressible

Nearly
incompressible

Ease of mixing
in each other

Rapidly mix

Mix more slowly

than gases

Negligible
mixing

scientists have suggested a more complete

explanation of the nature of gases, called Kinetic
Theory of Gases:
Gases are composed of particles such as atoms
or molecules.
The particles are very rapidly, travelling in
straight lines until they collide with either the
container walls or another particles.

At any instant all particles do not have the same

speed; some particles will be moving very quickly
and others very slowly. The speed of an individual
particle changes at each collision, sometimes
travelling faster than before and sometimes slower.
The forces of attraction between particles are
extremely weak.
Collision are perfectly elastic; that is, the sum of
the kinetic energies of particles involved in a
collision is the same after the collision as it was

before the collision.

As the temperature of a gas is raised, the
particles move more rapidly; that is, as the
temperature increases, the average kinetic energy
of the particles increases.
This theory can account for the physical properties
of gases :

Property

Explanation

Density

The density of gases is low because there are

large empty spaces between particles.

Volume and shape

A gas will expand to fill its container because

the particles are moving very fast and there
are only very weak forces of attraction
between them.

Compressibility

Gases are easily compressed because the

particles can be pushed closer together.

Ease of mixing

Because of the large spaces between psrticles,

when gases come into contact, the particles
can travel relatively long distances at high
speed before colliding with other particles.
Rapid mixing occurs.

The following results of calculations based on the

kinetic theory of gases may help you form a
mental picture of the nature of gases at about 20C
and 1 atmosphere pressure :
In each litre of air there are about 3 x 1022
molecules.
The average speed of molecules of nitrogen and
oxygen is about 0.5 km/s.
During each second, each molecule makes about 1
x 109 collision with other molecules.
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Liquids
when gases are cooled sufficiently, they condense
into liquids. The volume of the liquid obtained is
very much less than the volume of the gas, so the
particles must be crowded together more closely
in the liquid than in the gas. If the molecules in 2
L of steam at 100C condense they form about 1
mL of water.

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We can explain the physical properties of liquids if

we presume that in liquids, most of the particles
crowd together into small groups. The structure is
not rigid: the groups of particles can move past
each other and individual particles can break from
their neighbours and join other groups; hence the
liquid can be poured and will adjust its shape to fit
any container.

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Solids
The particles in a solid are held in fixed positions
by forces of attraction and the solid is rigid. The
particles are packed closely together and are not
able to move from one place to another in the
solid. They can vinrate in their fixed positions.

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Change of State
When we heat a solid subtance at a particular
pressure, unless it decomposes it will
Melt to the liquid state at a particular temperature,
called its melting point
Boil to form a vapour at a particular temperature,
called its boiling point.

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When we cool this vapour at the same pressure, it will

Condense to a liquid at the same temperature at which the liquid
boiled.
Freeze to a solid at the same temperature at ehich the solid melted.

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In addition to changes of state that occur at the

melting points and the boiling points, liquids
gradually change into the gaseous state at
temperatures below their boiling points. This
called evaporation.

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Melting
Within a sample of a solid, there are two opposing
effects:
o The effect of the forces of attraction particles is to
hold the particles in fixed positions in an ordered
lattice.
o The effect of the vibrational moyion of the
molecules is to disrupt the highly ordered
arrangement.
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As the temperature is raised, the energy of

vibration of the particles increases. A subtance
melts at the temperature at which the
distruptive effect of the vibrations just
overcomes the ordering effect of the forces of
attraction.
The stronger are the forces of attraction between
particles of a solid, the higher must be the
temperature before melting occurs.

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The heat energy required to melt a mole of

subtance at its melting point is called MOLAR
HEAT OF FUSION or MOLAR HEAT OF
MELTING
Subtance

Melting point (C)

Molar heat of fusion

(kJ/mol)

Methane

-182

0.9

Ammonia

-78

5.6

Water

6.0

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Evaporation
Water left standing in a glass slowly evaporates. This
suggests that at least some of the water molecules
have enough of motion to escape from the forces of
attraction to neighbouring molecules.
An explanation for evaporation is possible if we
assume that in a sample of any subtance, at any
instant the kinetic energies of the particles are not
the same. There is a range of kinetic energies.

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In the gaseous state, particles are, on average,

much further apart than in the liquid state. During
evaporation, work must be done to separate the
particles against the forces of attraction between
them. This work can be provided in the form of
heat energy. The heat energy required for the
evaporation of a mole of a liquid at a given
temperature is called the MOLAR HEAT OF
VAPORISATION.

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Subtance

Molar heat of vaporisation

(kJ/mol)

Helium

0.08

Fluorine

3.3

Chlorine

10

Bromine

15

Water

41

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Vapour pressure
In a closed vessel partially filled with water 20C,
as the water evaporates the concentration of
molecules of water vapour increases only until the
pressure of water vapour is 2.34 kPa. This called
the vapour pressure of water at 20C.

12/15/16

luknanto@ugm.ac.id

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The ideas of kinetic theory can be used to explain

the increase of vapour pressures with increasing
temperature. As the temperature increases.
The average kinetic energy of moleculs in the
liquid state increase.
The fraction of molecules with enough kinetic
energy to escape the liquid increases and so
evaporation is faster.
The vapour pressure must be higher before the rate
of condensation becomes the same as the rate of
evaporation.
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Boiling
A liquid boils when it is heated in an ipen
container and vapour bebbles form throughout the
liquid. There bubbles Cn only form when the
vapour pressure of the liquid just exceeds the
external pressure on the liquid surface.

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Sublimation
Sublimation is the change of a subtance from the
solid state to gaseous state without forming a
liquid.
Carbon dioxide and iodine are two subtances that
sublim, rather than melt, at atmospheric pressure.
Solid carbon dioxide, called dry ice, has
relatively high vapour pressure: the vapour
pressure of dry ice is 1 atm at -78C.
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Thank You For Your Attention

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