Smart City Internet of Things

Cyber Physical Systems &
Internet of Things:
Technology for Smart Grid
& Smart Cities
Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar
Senior Research Fellow
School of Information Systems, Curtin Business School
Curtin University
Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar
Smart Grids
An electricity network that
can intelligently integrate
the behavior and actions of
all users connected to it
generators, consumers and
those that are both in
order to deliver
sustainable, economic and
secure electricity supplies
Cecati, Mokryani et al. 2010
Smart Grid
A vision for the future
A network of integrated
micro girds that can
monitor and heal itself
Source
http://eetweb.com/images/eet-feat4-fig2-070809.jpg
Smart Electricity Systems
Source: Technology Roadmap Smart Grids 2011
Traditional vs. Smart Grid
Source: IBM Electric Cars

http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/global/images/us__en_us__energy__electric_cars_chart2__748x300.gif
10
Why Smart Grid?
11
12
Industrial Internet Potential GDP
Global Energy Flows
TOE: Tonne of Oil Equivalent
Industrial Internet
Smart Grid Architecture
16
Source:
Source: http://www.vettecorp.com/images/solutions/gpx_smart_grid.jpg
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Smart_Grid_Function_Diagram.png
Source: http://deepresource.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/smart-grid-concept.png
Source: http://www.afrea.ab.ca/filesaf/afrea/Smart%20Grid%20Components.JPG
19
Smart Grid Pyramid
Source: http://blogs.forrester.com/f/b/users/HKISKER/Smart_Grid.jpg
20
Traditional vs. Smart Grid

Traditional Grid
Smart Grid
Electromechanical
Digital
One way communication
Two way communication
Centralized generation
Distributed generation
Few Sensors
Lots of Sensors
Monitoring
Manual Monitoring
Self Monitoring
Restoration
Manual Restoration
Self Healing
Failure
Failure & Blackouts
Adaptive & Islanding
Control
Limited Control
Pervasive Control
Few customer choices
Many customer choices
Approach
Communication
Generation
Sensing Ability
Choices for Customers
Reliability
Source: H. Farhangi. The path
of the smart grid.
IEEE Power & Energy Mag., 8(1):1828,
2010.
Estimated
Reliability
Predictive
Reliability
21
Actors
Domain Actors in the Domain
Customers
Markets
Service Providers
Operations
Bulk Generation
Transmission
Distribution
End users of electricity. May also generate store and manage use of electricity
The operators and participants in electricity markets
The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities
The managers of the movement of electricity
The generators of electricity in bulk quantities. May also store energy for later distribution.
The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances. May also store and generate electricity
The distributors of electricity to and from customers. May also store and generate electricity
National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, release 1.0,
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/upload/smartgrid_interoperability_final.pdf
22
Benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Improving power reliability and quality;

Optimizing facility utilization and averting construction of back-up
(peak load) power plants;
Enhancing capacity and efficiency of existing electric power
networks;
Improving resilience to disruption;
Enabling predictive maintenance and self-healing responses to
system disturbances;
Facilitating expanded deployment of renewable energy sources;
Accommodating distributed power sources;
23
Benefits
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Automating maintenance and operation;

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling electric vehicles
and new power sources;
Reducing oil consumption by reducing the need for inefficient
generation during peak usage periods;
Presenting opportunities to improve grid security;
Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles and new energy
storage options;
Increasing consumer choice;
Enabling new products, services, and markets.
24
Solar Farms
25
Smart Grid Drivers

Drivers
Drivers
Demand for Energy in Growing Economies
Strong Economic Growth in several developing nations
Advances in technology leading to adoption
Understanding the importance of renewable energy
Need for Energy Security
Low cost of technology
Climate Change Concerns
Infrastructure Reliability & Security
Political Pressures
Experience
Policy & Regulation
Customer demand for clean energy
26
Stakeholders
Federal &
State
Regulators
Consumer
s
Policy
Makers
Technolog
y Drivers
Smart Grid
Utility
Providers
Researche
rs
Environme
ntal
Groups
Workforce
27
Federal Investments in Smart Grid

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Column2
28
29
Applications
Delivery Optimization
o efforts to improve the efficiency and reliability of power systems.
Demand Optimization
o efforts to empower the end user to better manage demand
Asset Optimization
o reducing risk and extending the useful life of the power infrastructure
Source: B. R. Flynn, Key Smart Grid Applications. GE Energy
30
Statistics
Demand for electric energy will triple by
20501
Distributed generation including renewable
and sustainable power has grown and is
expected to double every three years 2
Generation of electricity accounts for 40% of
the USs CO2 emissions3
1 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ERDC/CERL TR-05-21

2 REN21 2007 update + EER
3 EPRI, Electric Sector CO2 Impacts, February 2007, Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States, July 2000,
31
Smart Grid Technologies
32
Source: Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids.

IEA International Energy Agency
33
Govt. & Industry Standardization Initiatives

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
United States: NIST IOP Roadmap

European Union: Mandate CEN/CENELEC M/441
Germany: BMWi E-Energy Program
China: SGCC Framework
Japan: METI Smart Grid roadmap
34
Govt. & Industry Standardization Initiatives

6. Korea: Smart Grid Roadmap 2030
7. IEEE: P2030
8. IEC SMB: SG 3 Roadmap
9. CIGRE: D2.24
10.Microsoft: SERA
35
Smart Grid in India
India Smart Grid Forum

Public Private Partnership
Ministry of Power
Smart Grid Road Map of India
Nationwide roll out by 2027
http://www.engerati.com/article/smart-grid-progresses-india
36
Tasks of ISGF
Provide electricity to 300 million people not connected to grid

Improve power quality
Reduce power cuts
Reduce transmission and distribution losses
Target
o reduce power losses to under 10% and SG can assist in this
ISFG will formulate and monitor projects

Evaluate standards & technologies
Assist with resource requirements
Expected 30% funding will be provided by central government
37
Key Drivers
Utilities
1. Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities as well as improved
collection efficiency
2. Peak load management multiple options from direct load
control to consumer pricing incentives
3. Reduction in power purchase cost
4. Better asset management
5. Increased grid visibility
6. Self-healing grid
7. Renewable integration
Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap for India August 12, 2013 Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap for India August 12, 2013
38
Key Drivers
Customers
1. Expand access to electricity Power for All
2. Improve reliability of supply to all customers no power cuts,
no more DG sets and inverters
3. Improve quality of supply no more voltage stabilizers
4. User friendly and transparent interface with utilities
5. Increased choices for consumers, including green power
6. Prosumer (producer and consumer) enablement
7. Options to save money by shifting loads from peak periods to
off-peak periods
39
Key Drivers
Government
1. Satisfied customers
2. Financially sound utilities
3. Tariff neutral system upgrade and modernization
4. Reduction in emission intensity
40
Smart Grid Regulation

Regulation covers
o time of use tariff regime
o demand response and mandatory rooftop generation for
large customers,
o formulation and execution of projects
o mechanisms for cost recovery
o monitoring and evaluation of projects
41
Electric Vehicles
6-7 million electric vehicles by 2022
Will require charging stations spread across the
nation
Will need assessment of the energy consumption
by electric vehicles as well as storage and
contribution
Vehicles need to be in open to charge during the
day time
42
Smart Home
43
Smart Home
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/12/3/1259840570326/Smart-home-graphic-001.jpg
Smart Home
http://community.plus.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/PlusnetHouseSmall.jpg
45
http://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/6/005/089/34f/3e7c0a5.jpg
46
Smart Grid in the Home
Source: Zigbee Alliance
47
Smart Meter
www.tongapower.to/portals/2/Images/Headlines/SmartMeterTrails/img_HowSmartMetersWork.jpg
Ontario Smart Home Roadmap
Smart Electricity
Meters
Smart Gas Meters
Smart Water
Meters
Connecting Smart Metres
53
Communication Range
54
Energy Monitoring Devices
55
Smart Presence Sensors
56
Smart Thermostats
57
Related Readings
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., & Potdar, V. M. (2012). Evaluation of wireless home

automation technologies for smart mining camps in remote Western
Australia. In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (pp. 109-118): Springer
Berlin Heidelberg. ERA Rank A
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., & Potdar, V. M. (2012). Energy resource

management in smart home: State of the art and challenges ahead. In
Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (pp. 403-411): Springer Berlin
Heidelberg. ERA Rank A
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., Potdar, V. M., & Kuruppu, S. J. (2011). Evaluation of

wireless home automation technologies. In Digital Ecosystems and
Technologies Conference (DEST), 2011 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE
International Conference on (pp. 76-81): IEEE.
58
Smart City
59
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/08/29/article-273805720E7DA1900000578-126_970x960.jpg
60
http://media2.intoday.in/indiatoday/images/stories//2014September/smart-city_091314101403.jpg
61
http://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2014-07/11/full/1405028108-7945.jpg
62
http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/intelligent_transport_systems/world_congress/2013tokyo/images/ITSvisionillustA3_event_EN1.jpg
63
64
Prof. Paolo Nesi, Overview on Smart City Smart City for Beginners
65
66
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/bj13bigs002101engf-130411064206-phpapp02/95/big-data-and-implications-on-platform-architecture-22-638.jpg?cb=1365681774
67
68
69
70
Smart City
http://www2.schneider-electric.com/images/pictures/solutions/solution/landscape-smart-cities.jpg
71
http://sustainableiskandar.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/smartcityexplained.jpg
72
Smart City
http://www.phaidon.com/resource/22159-1-cairns1wan.jpg
Belgian architect creates sustainable
74
Cyber Physical
Systems
Infrastructure
Data
Aggregation
Network
Monitoring
Load
Management
Heterogeneous
Sensors
Communication
Network
Communica
tions
Sustainable
Energy
Communities
Securing
Critical Energy
Infrastructure
Big Data
Analytics
Network
Visualization
Wireless
Sensor
Networks
Privacy
Load
Modelling
Research
Areas
Incentive
Schemes
Risk
Trust
Price
Forecasting
Service &
Resource
Discovery
Network
Security
many more
.
75
Smart Grid Prosumer

Community
76
Definition for a Prosumer

Who is prosumer?
an energy user, who
generates renewable
energy in its domestic
environment and either
stores the surplus energy
for future use or vends to
the interested energy
buyers (Rathnayaka,
Potdar et al. 2011).
77
Prosumer Community Groups

A network of prosumers
having relatively similar
energy
sharing
behaviors and interests,
which make an effort to
pursue a mutual goal
and jointly compete in
the energy market (
Rathnayaka, Potdar
et al. 2013)
78
Prosumer Community Groups
Key Concepts
PCGs interact with each other and with the local

distributor/retailer/utility grid/other consumers through the
community gateways.
The community gateway refers to a smart intermediate that
bridges the external power system participants with smart
gateways of each DER that belongs to a PCG
The prosumer community coordinator is an entity, or a group of
entities, involved in managing all the PCGs.
The members of a PCG are inspired to achieve the mutually
decided goal, which can be different from other PCGs
79
Four Key Research Challenges

Prousmer
Community Group
Definition and
Characterization
Framework
New Prosumer
Recruitment
Framework
Goal Management
and Mutual Goal
Definition Framework
Prosumer
Assessment and
Ranking Framework
80
PCG Definition & Characterization

Framework
Overview
81
Prousmer Community Group Definition and

Characterization Framework
Requirements
1) Access the historic energy profiles of prosumers that represent different
weather conditions
2) Determine the energy profiles favourable to form PCGs (Removal of Outliers)
3) Create PCGs based on the homogeneity of the prosumer behaviours
4) Obtain feasible (manageable) number of PCGs.
5) Define pre-qualification criteria of PCGs
82

Methods
83

Outcome
1)
Prosumers historic energy profiles are clustered into feasible PCGs

to represent different climate conditions
2)
Effective pre-qualification criteria in terms of upper energy

threshold and lower energy threshold for each PCG are. Defined
3)
The pre-qualification criteria defined for each PCG to be utilized

when recruiting new prosumers
84
New Prosumer Recruitment Framework

Overview
85

Requirements
1) Determine an approach for prosumer evaluation (Design
Rationale 1)
2) Continuous monitoring and evaluation of the prosumers realtime energy behaviours (Design Rationale 2)
3) Determine stable prosumers before assigning them to the fixed
membership in PCGs (Design Rationale 3)
86

Methods
87

Outcome
1)
Prosumers realtime energy profiles are assessed through ongoing

evaluation over a specified time-period
2)
The prosumers success in meeting the pre-qualification criteria of

its preferred PCG, and the prosumers likelihood of recruiting to a
PCG is analysed
3)
The new prosumer is recruited to the preferred PCG if possible, else

to the most suitable PCG
88
Goal Management and Mutual Goal Definition Framework
Overview
89
Goal Management and Mutual Goal Definition

Framework
Requirements
1) Classify multiple conflicting goals within a community-based energy sharing
network (Design Rationale 1)
2) Evaluation and prioritization of the goals based on their importance (Design
Rationale 2)
3) Compromise among the diverse goals to ensure the satisfactory level of
attainment of all the goals (Design Rationale 3)
4) Define and allocate tailored mutual goals for PCGs (Design Rationale 4)
90

Framework
Methods
91

Framework
Outcome
1) A compromise among the conflicting goals is done and an
optimized goal solution under a varying amount of resources
and priorities of the goals are obtained
2) The optimized overall goals of community-based energy
sharing network are divided among the PCGs as mutual
goals
92
Prosumer Assessment and Ranking Framework

Overview
93

Requirements
1) Define suitable assessment criteria to assess the members
energy interactions within the PCG (Design Rationale 1)

2) Assess the members long-term and short-term energy
sharing behaviours (Design Rationale 2)

3) Find the most influential subset of prosumers, who enhance
the long-term sustenance of the PCG (Design Rationale 3)

94

Methods
95

Outcome
1)
The members within the PCG are assessed based on four assessment criteria
that represents members short-term and long-term energy behaviours within
the PCG
2)
The degree of deviation between the expected and actual behaviours of

members are assessed and a relative judgment for each of the members
behaviours is provided.
3)
The members with relatively higher ranks are considered as the subset of
influential members
96
Selected References
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., Potdar, V. M., Dillon, T., Hussain, O., & Chang, E. (2014). Methodology to
Find Influential Members in Prosumer-Community-Groups. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics, 10(1), 706-713. ERA A, Impact Factor : 8.785
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., Potdar, V. M., Dillon, T. & Chang, E. (2014). Framework to Manage Multiple
Goals in Community based Energy Sharing Network in Smart Grid. International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, accepted, in press, Impact Factor: 3.43.
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., Potdar, V. M., Dillon, T., & Hussain, O. (2014). Goal Oriented Prosumer
Community Groups for Smart Grid. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 33(1): 41-48 ERA B,
Impact Factor: 0.541.
Rathnayaka, A.J. D., Potdar, V. M., & Dillon, T. (2014). Formation of Virtual Community Groups to
Manage Prosumers in Smart Grids. International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing, in press.
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., Potdar, V. M., & Dillon, T. (2014). Prosumer Recruitment Framework for
Prosumer Community Groups in Smart-grid. International Journal of Computer Systems Science &
Engineering, in press.
Rathnayaka, A. J. D., & Potdar, V. M. (2012). Design of Smart Grid Prosumer Communities via
Online Social Networking Communities. International Journal of Infornomics, 5, 544 - 556.
97
Contact Details
Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar
Senior Research Fellow
School of Information Systems
Curtin Business School
Curtin University
Email
v.potdar@curtin.edu.au
Staff Profile
http://oasisapps.curtin.edu.au/staff/profile/view/Vidyasagar.Potdar
98

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Cyber Physical Systems &

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Smart Electricity Systems

Source: Technology Roadmap Smart Grids 2011

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Traditional vs. Smart Grid

Source: IBM Electric Cars

Why Smart Grid?

Industrial Internet Potential GDP

Global Energy Flows

TOE: Tonne of Oil Equivalent

Smart Grid Architecture

Smart Grid Architecture

Smart Grid Architecture

Smart Grid Pyramid

Traditional vs. Smart Grid

One way communication

Two way communication

Failure & Blackouts

Adaptive & Islanding

Few customer choices

Many customer choices

Choices for Customers

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Improving power reliability and quality;

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Automating maintenance and operation;

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Smart Grid Drivers

Demand for Energy in Growing Economies

Strong Economic Growth in several developing nations

Advances in technology leading to adoption

Understanding the importance of renewable energy

Need for Energy Security

Low cost of technology

Climate Change Concerns

Infrastructure Reliability & Security

Policy & Regulation

Customer demand for clean energy

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Federal Investments in Smart Grid

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Source: B. R. Flynn, Key Smart Grid Applications. GE Energy

1 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ERDC/CERL TR-05-21

Smart Grid Technologies

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Source: Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids.

Govt. & Industry Standardization Initiatives

United States: NIST IOP Roadmap

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Govt. & Industry Standardization Initiatives

Copyright - Dr. Vidyasagar Potdar

Smart Grid in India

India Smart Grid Forum