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Thermodynamics II
Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui
Assistant Professor MED
HITEC University Taxila Cantt.

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Chocking in isentropic flow

From , we deduce that
Thus flow must pass through a max. or min. at Mach equals 1.
Either during acceleration through nozzle or deceleration by means

of a diffuser.
What if a sonic flow enters a converging passage?
If M decreases then M2<1.0 dV<0,
thus dA >0 (contradiction)
If M increases then M2>1.0 dV>0,
thus again dA >0 (contradiction)
This contradiction is due to a phenomenon known as Choking

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Chocking in isentropic flow

When M=1, the area can no longer decrease without violating the
governing equations for steady, 1D isentropic flow and the flow is
known as Choked Flow.
What if a sonic flow enters a diverging passage?
If M decreases then M2<1.0 dV<0,
thus dA >0 (in agreement)
If M increases then M2>1.0 dV>0,
thus again dA >0 (in agreement)

Conclusion: A sonic flow can enter a diverging passage and keep

satisfying the governing equations for steady, 1D isentropic flow.

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Property variation with area change

From Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics by Zucker (2nd Ed.)

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Nozzles and Diffusers(Subsonic vs. Supersonic)

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Sound Wave Propagation In Compressible Media

Consider

an infinitesimal disturbance is created by an

infinitesimal acceleration of the piston.

Flow is unsteady for an

observer standing @
ground

Steady flow w.r.t. observer

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Sound Wave Propagation In Compressible Media

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Speed of Sound

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Example Problem
An aircraft is flying at an altitude where the air temperature is

17 degree Celsius. The temperature at the nose of the aircraft is

found to be 57 degree Celsius, where the velocity of the air
relative to aircraft is zero. Determine
a) the velocity of aircraft, and
b) the Mach number of the aircraft.

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Pressure Disturbances In A Compressible Fluid

When an object moves through a gas, it pushes neighboring gas out of

the way creating pressure pulse similar to the compression waves

produced by impulsive motion of a piston.
Stationary

Point Source: Consider a point source emitting

infinitesimal pressure disturbance which propagate @ sonic speed in
all directions.

These waves are spherical

in shape and all are
concentric spheres.

Assumption:
Isothermal homogeneous
fluid, thus sonic velocity is
constant

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Pressure Disturbances In A Compressible Fluid

Subsonic Point Source: Consider a point source is moving @

subsonic speed (say V = a/2).

Disturbance wave fronts are no longer concentric.
Disturbance wave is always in front of the disturbance itself.
Any person, object or fluid particle
located upstream will feel the
waves fronts pass by and
know that the
disturbance is
coming

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Pressure Disturbances In A Compressible Fluid

Subsonic Point Source:
A stationary observer would hear more peaks per unit time as the

source approaches than after it has passed.

The phenomenon is known as Doppler Effect.

Daily Life Example???

Ambulance Siren

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Pressure Disturbances In A Compressible Fluid

Sonic Point Source: Consider a point source moving at sonic speed,

i.e. V=a.
All wave fronts coalesce on LHS and move along with the
disturbance.
After a long period of time wave front would approximate a plane
indicated by a dashed line.
No region upstream is

forewarned or an observer
in front of the source will
not hear any
sound.

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Pressure Disturbances In A Compressible Fluid

Supersonic Point Source: Consider a point source moving at super

sonic speed, i.e. V > a, (say V = 2a).

Pressure change produced by a body cannot reach points ahead of the
body.
The wave fronts have coalesced to form a cone with the disturbance at
the apex.

Movie

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Some important points

In subsonic case fluid can sense the presence of an object and

smoothly adjust its flow around the object.

In supersonic flows smooth adjustment of flow around an object is

not possible, and thus flow adjustments occur rather abruptly in the
form of Shock or Expansion Waves.
The closeness of circles, representing different pressure pulses, is a

measure of the intensity of pressure disturbance at each point. Thus,

For a stationary source, the intensity is symmetrical.
For a subsonic source, the intensity is unsymmetrical.
For a supersonic source, pressure disturbances are largely concentrated
in the neighborhood of Mach cone that form the outer limit of the
zone of action (Rule of concentrated action)

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Example Problem

A supersonic aircraft flies at an altitude of 3000 m at a

constant velocity of 650 m/s. The aircraft passes directly

over a observer who is stationary on the ground. How
much time elapses, after the aircraft has passed over the
observer, before the observer hears the sound of the
aircraft? Assume that the average speed of sound is 325
m/s.

Sketch For
The
Problem

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Topics from Cengel Included

Sections 17.1 17.4 and 17.7

Topic from McConkey

Sections 10.5