Professional Documents
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CE 806
Torsion
Primary Torsion
Secondary Torsion
Equilibrium Torsion
Compatibility Torsion
Torsional Stiffness
T, L, C Shaped Sections
Torsion Example
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
(q
and f )
t
t 2 Aot
2 Ao
Tcr 4 f (2 Aot )
c
Ao represents area enclosed by shear flow path and is fraction of are enclosed
by full cross section (A ) outside perimeter (p )
cp
cp
1 1
solid members t = to of min width
6 4
1
x
2
using t = for = 0.5 gives Ao A
4
y
3 cp
3 Acp
t
gives
4 p
cp
Acp 2
Tcr 4 f (2 Aot ) 4 f
c
c p
cp
Torsion in RC Members
Truss Analogy
Truss Analogy
Assuming that the stirrups crossing the crack are
yielding, the shear in the wall under consideration is
Contd.
Total contribution of the right-hand vertical wall to the change in axial force of the
member due to the presence of torsion is
Contd.
Longitudinal reinforcement must be provided to carry the added axial force N. If
that steel is designed to yield, then
OR
Experimentally found that after cracking, the effective area enclosed by the shear
flow path is somewhat less than the value of Aoh.
It is recommended that the reduced value be taken as Ao = O.85Aoh where, it will
be recalled, Aoh is the area enclosed by the centerline of the stirrups. This
recommendation is incorporated in the ACI Code with Ao substituted for O.85Aoh.
It has further been found experimentally that the thickness of the equivalent tube
at loads near ultimate is closely approximated by t = Aoh/ph where ph is the
perimeter of Aoh
Tu Tn
Minimal Torsion
A2cp
torsional effects may be neglected
If Tu f c
pcp
For hollow sections (with or without axial load), Acp must be replaced
by the gross area of the concrete Ag to determine if torsional effects may
be neglected.
If Tu 4 f c
or 4 f c
1
pcp
pcp
4 Ag f c
For hollow sections (with or without axial load), Acp must NOT be
replaced by the gross area of the concrete Ag to determine if torsional
effects may be neglected.
At
where
from
s
At
bw
25
and f yt in psi
s
f yt
The spacing of the longitudinal bars should not exceed 12 in., and they
should be distributed around the perimeter of the cross section to control
cracking.
Minimum # 3 bar be used
Reinforcement required for torsion may be combined with that required for
other forces, provided that the area furnished is the sum of the individually
required areas and that the most restrictive requirements of spacing and
placement are met.
Torsion