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Electrical Safety,

Machine Safety, and


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Group 2 (BSCE 3-3)
Asistores, Bagtas, Climacosa, Cordero, De Grano, De Ocampo

Electrical Safety

What is Electricity?

Electricity (dynamic) is characterized by the


flow of electrons through a conductor.

Though you cannot see electricity, you are


aware of it every day. You see it used in
countless ways. You cannot taste or smell
electricity, but you can feel it.

Basically, there are two kinds of electricity static (stationary) and dynamic (moving).

How Much Electricity is Dangerous

Burn Hazards Associated With Electricity


Typically there exist three types of burns:

Electrical burns happen when electric


current flows through tissues and organs.

Arc burns result from high temperatures (up


to 35,000 F) when an arc flash event occurs.

Thermal burns typically happen when skin


touches a hot surface

Hazards of Electricity
The primary hazards associated with
electricity and its use are:

SHOCK. Electric shock occurs when the


human body becomes part of a path through
which electrons can flow.

BURNS. Burns can result when a person


touches electrical wiring or equipment that is
improperly used or maintained.

Hazards of Electricity

ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from highamperage currents arcing through air. This
contact can be caused by persons who have an
accident while working on energized
components, or by equipment failure due to
fatigue or abuse.

EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur when electricity


provides a source of ignition for an explosive
mixture in the atmosphere. Ignition can be due
to overheated conductors or equipment, or
normal arcing (sparking) at switch contacts.

Hazards of Electricity

FIRES. Defective or misused electrical


equipment is a major cause, with high
resistance connections being one of the
primary sources of ignition.

Approach / Protection Boundaries


The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) has developed specific approach
boundaries designed to protect employees
while working on or near energized
equipment. These boundaries are:

Flash Protection Boundary (outer


boundary)
Limited Approach
Restricted Approach
Prohibited Approach (inner boundary)

Approach / Protection Boundaries

Approach / Protection Boundaries

Flash Protection Boundary (outer


boundary): The farthest established
boundary from the energy source. If an arc
flash occurred, this boundary is where an
employee would be exposed to a curable
second degree burn (1.2 calories/cm2)

Limited Approach: An approach limit at a


distance from an exposed live part where a
shock hazard exists.
- entered by Qualified persons or
unqualified persons escorted by qualified
person.

Approach / Protection Boundaries

Restricted Approach: An approach limit at


a distance from an exposed live part which
there is an increased risk of shock.
- entered only by qualified persons required
to use shock protection techniques and
equipment.

Prohibited Approach (inner boundary): A


distance from an exposed part which is
considered the same as making contact with
the live part.
- entered only by qualified persons
requiring same protection as if in direct

Nature of Electrical Accidents


Three common root causes for any
electrical incident:

Working on unsafe equipment and


installations,

Unsafe Environment (i.e. wet


environment / presence of flammable vapors),
and

Unsafe work performance

Ways to Protect the Workers


Some of the methods are for the protection of
qualified employees doing work on electrical circuit
and other methods are geared towards nonqualified
employees who work nearby energized equipment.
Here are a few of the protective methods:
De-energize the circuit
Work Practices
Insulation
Guarding
Barricades
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
Grounding (secondary protection)

Ways to Protect the Workers

The use of alerting techniques are effective


ways to warn employees (especially nonqualified) of the dangers present.

Alerting techniques might include safety


signs, safety symbols, or accident
prevention tags. Often times, the use of
such signs alone is not adequate In these
instances a barricade shall be used in
conjunction with safety signs.

Ways to Protect the Workers

A barricade is an effective way to prevent or


limit employee access to work areas exposing
employees to uninsulated energized
conductors or circuit parts.

If signs and barricades do not provide


sufficient warning and protection from
electrical hazards, an attendant shall be
stationed to warn and protect employees.

Who is a Qualified Worker?

Qualified person: One who has received training


in and has demonstrated skills and knowledge in
the construction and operation of electric
equipment and installations and the hazards
involved.

Note 1 to the definition of "qualified person:"


Whether an employee is considered to be a
"qualified person" will depend upon various
circumstances in the workplace. For example, it is
possible and, in fact, likely for an individual to be
considered "qualified" with regard to certain
equipment in the workplace, but "unqualified" as to
other equipment.

Who is a Qualified Worker?

Note 2 to the definition of "qualified


person:" An employee who is undergoing on
the-job training and who, in the course of such
training, has demonstrated an ability to
perform duties safely at his or her level of
training and who is under the direct
supervision of a qualified person is considered
to be a qualified person for the performance
of those duties.

Who is a Qualified Worker?

Additional requirements for qualified persons.


Qualified persons (i.e. those permitted to work on or
near exposed energized parts) shall, at a minimum,
be trained in and familiar with the following:

The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish


exposed live parts from other parts of electric
equipment.
The skills and techniques necessary to determine
the nominal voltage of exposed live parts, and the
clearance distances specified and the corresponding
voltages to which the qualified person will be
exposed.

MACHINE
SAFETY

KEY PRINCIPLES OF MACHINERY


AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY
1.1 Mechanical hazards
that cannot be eliminated must be controlled to
prevent harm.
1.2 Non-mechanical hazards
that cannot be eliminated must be controlled to
prevent harmful exposure.
1.3 Access hazards
that cannot be eliminated must be controlled to
provide safe access (for operation, maintenance,
repair, installation, service, cleaning or
decommissioning).

1.1 Mechanical hazards


Machines have moving parts. The action of
moving parts may have sufficient force in motion to
cause injury to people.
Common mechanical hazards and associated
risks for machinery and equipment are shown
below.

1.2 Non-mechanical Hazards


Non-mechanical hazards associated with
machinery and equipment can include harmful
emissions, contained fluids or gas under
pressure, chemicals and chemical by-products,
electricity and noise, Where people are at risk of
injury due to harmful emissions from machinery
and equipment, the emissions should be
controlled at their source.
When reviewing machinery and equipment for
possible non-mechanical hazards, consider how
machines and equipment can affect the area
(environment) around them.

1.2 Non-mechanical Hazards

Common non-mechanical hazards are shown


below.

1.3 Access hazards


People must be provided with safe access
that is suitable for the work they perform in,
on and around machinery and equipment. A
stable work platform suited to the nature of
the work that allows for good posture relative
to the work performed, sure footing, safe
environment and fall prevention (if a fall may
occur) is a basic requirement.

Access

Access needs can be predicted and access


planning must occur in advance.

People need access to machinery and


equipment in the workplace (either
continually or occasionally) for tasks such as
operation, maintenance, repair, installation,
service or cleaning.

Access may vary during each stage of


machinery and equipment life cycle.

For example:
installation or removal
- complete access from every area may be required,
and involve disconnection or connection of services
such water, air, pipes, installation of electrical cable to
switch board, etc.

operation
- access for set-up, operation and adjustment.

maintenance, repair, cleaning, alteration or


adaptation
- access to remote areas may be required.

RISK CONTROL OF MACHINERY


AND EQUIPMENT HAZARDS
2.1 Risk control of machinery and equipment
hazards (general)
2.2 Risk control of mechanical hazards
2.3 Risk control of non-mechanical hazards
2.4 Risk control of access hazards

2.1 Risk control of machinery and


equipment hazards (general)
Where exposure to machinery and equipment
hazards cannot be eliminated or substituted for
machinery and equipment of improved design,
risk control(s) must be applied to the hazards
that prevents or reduces the risk (chance) of
injury or harm. Health and safety laws require
the highest order control be applied so far as is
reasonably practicable.
Higher order machinery and equipment risk
controls are preventative by nature, are effective
and durable for the environment it is used in, and
deal directly with the hazard at its source.

Lower order machinery and equipment


risk controls, such as personal protective
equipment (PPE), can prevent injuries,
-they rely more on employee behaviour,
maintenance programs and supervision.

Administrative controls use systems of


work to reduce risk by providing a
framework of expected behaviours.
-rely on extensive instruction,
information, training and supervision.
-administrative controls can be the most
expensive and least effective form of
hazard control.

2.2 Risk control of mechanical hazards


Separation is a simple and effective machinery
and equipment risk control.
Separation may be achieved by distance, barrier
or time.
Distance separation means a person cannot
reach the hazard due to distance.
Barrier separation means an effective barrier
or guard denies access and controls ejection of
parts, products or waste.
Time separation means at the time of access,
the machinery or equipment is disabled.

Guarding
A guard can perform several functions: it
can deny bodily access, contain ejected parts,
tools, off-cuts or swath, prevent emissions
escaping or form part of a safe working
platform.

Other mechanical hazard risk control options

Simultaneous two-handed operation


Where a machine has only one operator, the use of
simultaneous two-handed operation buttons can
serve as a risk control. This ensures that operation
of the hazardous mechanism cannot occur until
both hands are clear of the danger area.
Presence sensing systems
If physical guards are not reasonably practicable,
then a presence sensing system can be used as a
control to reduce risk. Presence sensing systems
can be used where people enter areas shared by
moving production equipment.

Other mechanical hazard risk control options

Critical safety systems


A safety control system responsible for
ensuring the safety of a person when
approaching or accessing a hazard is called a
critical safety system. Failure of the critical
safety system will leave a person exposed to
the hazard, and in danger.
High integrity/fail-safe control
All safety control systems should be
designed and built to prevent failure or, in the
event of failure, de-activate the operation of
the machinery and equipment.

Other mechanical hazard risk control options

Redundant and self-monitoring fault


detection systems
Redundant or dual systems (doubling up)
and self-monitoring fault detection systems
are also effective methods to prevent failure
of critical safety systems.
Selection and installation of these types of
complex interactive control measures may
require expert or specialist assistance.

2.3 Risk control of non-mechanical


hazards
The first step in selecting suitable and effective
controls for non-mechanical hazards is to
understand the nature of emissions that can
be released by machinery and equipment in
the workplace, where those emissions collect and
the way they may cause harm.
Separating people from non-mechanical hazards is
necessary where the emission cannot be controlled
at the source through elimination or substitution.
Hazardous machinery and equipment emission
controls rely largely on isolation of people from the
hazardous emission.

For noise, guarding may also serve to mute

noise emissions through application of


sound absorbing materials.
Oil leaks from machinery or equipment
may present a serious slip hazard. By
preventing oil leaks through routine
maintenance, or containing leaking oil with
a drip tray or through spill containment
strategies, the risk the hazard presents is
controlled.

2.4 Risk control of access hazards


Confined space
Larger machinery and equipment may contain
internal areas where a hazardous atmosphere
may occur by design or as a result of the work
being done.
Working at height
Providing people with a suitable work platform
for the task being undertaken reduces the risk
of injury from falling from machinery and
equipment.

Safe access at height can be broken into three


categories.
1. Fixed or permanently installed access
platforms:
gantries, mezzanine floors, fixed
platforms, stairways.
2. Mobile elevated work platforms
(EWPs):
scissor lifts, knuckle booms.
3. Temporary platforms:

Lock outtag out: Removing and


controlling energy sources during access
People performing tasks such as
maintenance, repair, installation, service and
cleaning are highly vulnerable, and have a
higher risk of being killed or maimed through
inadvertent operation of machinery and
equipment they are working in, on or around.

Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is
designed to protect workers from serious
workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from
contact with chemical, radiological, physical,
electrical, mechanical, or other workplace
hazards.
Besides face shields, safety glasses, hard
hats, and safety shoes, protective equipment
includes a variety of devices and garments
such as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests,
earplugs, and respirators.

Some Personal Protective Equipment

Protection from Head Injuries


Hard hats can protect your workers from
head impact, penetration injuries, and
electrical injuries such as those caused by
falling or flying objects, fixed objects, or
contact with electrical conductors.
Also, OSHA regulations require employers
to ensure that workers cover and protect long
hair to prevent it from getting caught in
machine parts such as belts and chains.

Protection from Head Injuries

ANSI Z89.1-1986 separates protective


helmets into two different types and three
different classes.
Type 1 helmets incorporate a full brim (brim
fully encircles the dome of the hat)
Type 2 helmets have no encircling brim, but
may include a short bill on the front

Protection from Head Injuries

Regarding electrical performance, ANSI Z89.1-1986


recognizes three classes:
Class A Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling
objects and also reduce the danger of contact with
exposed low-voltage electrical conductors. Helmet shells
are proof-tested at 2,200 volts of electrical charge.
Class B Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling
objects and also reduce the danger of contact with
exposed high-voltage electrical conductors. Helmet
shells are proof-tested at 20,000 volts.
Class C Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling
objects, but offer no electrical protection.

Every protective helmet that conforms to


the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986 must be
appropriately marked to verify its compliance.
The following information must be marked
inside the hat:
Manufacturer's name
The ANSI Z89.1-1986" designation
Class designation (A, B or C)

Protection from Eye and Face Injuries


Besides spectacles and goggles, personal
protective equipment such as special helmets
or shields, spectacles with side shields, and
faceshields can protect workers from the
hazards of flying fragments, large chips, hot
sparks, optical radiation, splashes from molten
metals, as well as objects, particles, sand, dirt,
mists, dusts, and glare.

Protection from Foot and Leg Injuries


In addition to foot guards and safety shoes,
leggings (e.g., leather, aluminized rayon, or
other appropriate material) can help prevent
injuries by protecting workers from hazards
such as falling or rolling objects, sharp
objects, wet and slippery surfaces, molten
metals, hot surfaces, and electrical hazards.

Protection from Hearing Loss


Wearing earplugs or earmuffs can help prevent
damage to hearing.
Earplugs made from foam, waxed cotton, or
fiberglass wool are self-forming and usually fit well.
A professional should fit your workers individually
for molded or preformed earplugs.
Clean earplugs regularly, and replace those you
cannot clean.

When to Wear Respiratory Protection


When engineering controls are not feasible,
workers must use appropriate respirators to
protect against adverse health effects caused
by breathing air contaminated with harmful
dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes,
sprays, or vapors. Respirators generally cover
the nose and mouth or the entire face or head
and help prevent illness and injury.
Required respirators must be NIOSHapproved and medical evaluation and training
must be provided before use.

Protection from Body Injury


In some cases workers must shield most
or all of their bodies against hazards in the
workplace, such as exposure to heat and
radiation as well as hot metals, scalding
liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or
waste, and other hazards.
In addition to fire-retardant wool and fire
retardant cotton, materials used in wholebody personal protective equipment
include rubber, leather, synthetics, and
plastic.

Inspection & Maintenance of FR Clothing


When inspecting and maintaining FR clothing, you
must always follow the manufactures
recommendations; however here are a few basic
guidelines:
Do not use fabric softeners, starches or bleaches
when washing
Wash FR clothing separate from other laundry
Wash at low temperature (110 120 F
maximum)
Tumble dry at the lowest setting possible

FR clothing must be visually inspected


before each use; however additionally
inspections during the work day may be
necessary.
FR clothing that becomes contaminated
with grease, flammable liquids etc shall be
removed and sent to be laundered.

Protection from Hand Injuries


Workers exposed to harmful substances
through

skin

absorption,

severe

cuts

or

lacerations, severe abrasions, chemical burns,


thermal

burns,

and

harmful

temperature

extremes will benefit from hand protection.


Because safety is involved, the employer
and employee must become familiar with the
differences between the various types and
classes of insulating gloves available.

Protective Glove Types


For insulating gloves there are two Types:
Type I glove is not ozone-resistant
Type II is ozone-resistant
Ozone is a form of oxygen that is found in
the air surrounding a conductor in high
voltages. It can causes dangerous cracks to
form in rubber products, including insulating
gloves, thus rendering them unsafe.

Type I rubber gloves


- can be negatively affected by UV light

Type II gloves
- are not as susceptible to ozone and UV
rays,
- more uncomfortable to wear.

Protective Glove Classification

Rotating Glove Colors


Salisbury, a leading manufacturer of insulating
gloves recommends an alternating glove color
program to assure all gloves are in the proper
test cycle per OSHA and ASTM requirements.
For example starting in January, use red gloves
for the next six months. On July 1, remove the
red gloves from the worksite and have them
electrically tested as required and begin using
black gloves for the remainder of the year. On
January 1, remove all black gloves from service
and go back to red gloves.

Leather Glove Protectors


Leather protector gloves should always
be worn over Rubber Insulating Gloves to
provide the needed mechanical protection
against cuts, abrasion and punctures.
Proper care of leather protectors is
essential to user safety. Inspect them for
metal particles, imbedded wire, abrasive
materials or any substance that could
physically damage the rubber gloves.

Glove Liners and Powder


Glove liners provide a more comfortable
fit and reduce friction between the hand and
the insulating glove. For additional comfort
and ease of putting on and off, glove dust is
recommended.
Glove dust is a cooling, frictionless
powder that absorbs moisture and
perspiration when wearing rubber gloves.

Maintenance of PPE
Protective equipment must be maintained in a
safe, reliable condition and shall be periodically
inspected or tested.
Insulating equipment must be inspected for
damage before each days use and anytime
damage is suspected. Typical damage to
insulating equipment might include the following:
Embedded foreign objects (metal slivers,
splinters)
Holes, punctures, tears or cuts
Ozone damage (fine cracks)
Swelling, softening, sticky or hardening
Damage from chemicals

Insulating equipment must also be stored in a


way that does not damage the material. The
following items can cause damage:
Temperature extremes
UV damage (from sunlight)
Excessive humidity
Ozone (UV rays, arcing)
Foreign materials (oils, petroleum products,
hand lotion, baby powder)

Electrical Testing of Electrical Protective


Equipment

Training Required for PPE


The employer shall provide training to each
employee who is required to use PPE.
The employee must be trained to know at
least the following:
When PPE is necessary;
What PPE is necessary;
How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear
PPE;
The limitations of the PPE; and,
The proper care, maintenance, useful life
and disposal of the PPE.

The End~

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