Case Study

Gamla
Gymnasiet,
Karlstad

 Located in Karlstad, Sweden.

Since 1993 it has been owned by the National Property Board Sweden.
It has been used as a high school, field hospital, pharmacy, for storing cultural and
historical museum collections, and administration for cathedral chapters and the County
Administrative Board. Currently, the premises are used for offices and museum and
association operations.
Designed by Architect Carl Harleman.
In 1754, construction of the high school was started and was completed in 1759.
This building has been renovated and altered on several occasions due to wear and tear,
neglected maintenance and poor masonry. All major changes to the building were carried
out before it was listed as a state-owned historic building and it was last renovated in
2005.

Ventilation Problem

In summer, the temperature inside the building raises and

heat is trapped inside the building with poor ventilation
system as the stack effect decrease when the air pressure
between the internal and external spaces have reached
equilibrium.

In winter, the building raise fire to keep the house warm. The
exhaust air rose out via tiled stoves with the help of
temperature differences between outside and inside of
building, which called stack effect.

However, the ventilation did not function.

1. Some of the windows are fixed so that cannot let the fresh air comes in to the building.
2. The brick flues had not been cleaned and had cracks due to settlement damage.
3. The flues had very restricted cross sectional areas.

Solution
1. Air still comes in via gaps in the windows but certain rooms on the second floor have an
automatic window opening system.

The weather station

A motor for opening the window

automatically is placed on the
windows transom.

2. Exhaust air still rises thermally

through the old brick flues. Propeller
fans were installed in the flues and
are turned on when the stack effect
ceases during the warm part of the
year. The fans are turned off in
winter.

The old chimney stacks

are not used anymore
for fire, exhaust air
grilles
have
been
mounted directly in the
flues above the tiled
stoves.

3. Flexible flue liners

were
inserted,
even
though this results in a
reduced cross sectional
area of the brick flues

Ventilation Problem
Rising damp
The materials used in heritage buildings are usually hard
solid matters such as timber, stone and masonry. These
kinds of material are easy to create dampness to the
building. This leads to condensation and, in turn, mold
growth. High humidity will cause discomfort to the people.
The wall breath is caused by the air pressure different and
the expansion of the walls pores. But in heritage building
the wall dont usually breath, as they are using
compacted and solid material or even insulation to build
the wall. This may lead to the concentration of dampness in
internal air as the water porous is not allow to escape.

Solution
1. Air brick are special bricks that are
manufactured with holes in them to allow
the circulation of air under the floor of
buildings with a suspended timber floor.
The act of circulating air ensures that cold
or damp air is not allowed to sit in any
voids or empty space.
2. Another way to overcome the problem of
rising damp is to drill a 150mm hole on
the wall and injecting new damp proof
course. A damp proof course is a
waterproof barrier that spans the width
and length of the wall. It stops water from
the ground rising up through the wall
through capillary action.

Ventilation Problem

Condensation problem
Condensation of moulds, mildew and dust happen when
the stream or air flow in and touches the cooler surfaces
of the building.
The moulds and mildew is trapped between the spaces
and gaps of the ceiling or loses parquet wooden floor and
may cause damage to the structural integrity.

Solution
There are three basic ways to control the problem of condensation.
1. Control the relative humidity in the building through the use of extractor fans in kitchens and
bathrooms.

2. Add insulation so that internal walls are kept at a temperature above the dew point of the air inside.

3. Ensure there is adequate ventilation. Trickle vents in windows work well, but a more sophisticated option
is a heat-recovery ventilation unit.

Thielska Galleriet, Stockholm

 Located in Stockholm, Sweden.

Between 1904 - 07, financier, Ernest Thiel, constructed a palace for himself and his
family. The architect was Ferdinand Boberg.
This palace was owned by Ernest Thiel until 1924 when the Swedish state purchased
the building, including his entire art collection. Today, the building is owned by the
National Property Board Sweden.
Thielska Galleriet opened to the public in 1926 and is still currently a museum with the
most complete collection of the last centurys Nordic.
The building underwent a major renovation in the early 1930s in order to better adapt to
the museum operation.

Ventilation Problem

The exhibition halls were ventilated with air that is

pre-heated in a heat chamber in the cellar and
distributed via sheet metal and brick ducts.
The domestic part of the building uses stack
ventilation. Over time, the ducts had become
clogged with leaves and dust. The ventilation
functioned poorly.

Solution
The buildings central heating system was retained and given
better functionality by cleaning the intake air ducts. In this way the
original function of the ventilation was restored.

Air is taken into the central heating

chamber. The damper can be
positioned manually for the desired air
flow.
In the heat chamber, the air is heated
by radiators that are mounted in the
ceiling.

Ventilation Problem
The Munch Hall, which is provided with daylight through a lantern, was very hot in the summer
because the lantern was poorly ventilated.

Solution
To solve the problem of the Munch Hall,
1. A duct fan can be installed in an unused brick duct, which was further
connected to a new sheet metal duct, debouching in the lantern.
2. A new intake air grille was mounted in the brick duct at the ground
floor in the museums entry facade. In this way, cool air is pressed into
the lantern, which is then ventilated through the stack effect via roof
hoods.

Recommendation
1.Source control of pollutants
solve by eliminate individual sources of pollution or to reduce their emissions.
One of the way to achieve by select and using low-emitting products in the indoor
environment and select products that have been tested and verified by specialist to
conform to the most stringent standards for low impact on the indoor environment.
cost efficient

2. Effectively area of multiple openings In

natural ventilation
Increase the installation of openings in the
building such as windows, louvers.
Putting opening in a strategic place of a building
it will get a lot of effect from it
Natural ventilation can also improve indoor air
quality by reducing indoor pollutants. Some of the
examples of natural ventilation are:
- Opening windows and doors
- Window shading such as closing the blinds


4. Ventilation Improvements
Increase the amount of outdoor air coming indoors
Important factor in promoting good air quality.
Most of heating and cooling systems do not mechanically bring fresh air into the building.
Ventilation can helps to remove or dilute indoor airborne pollutants that coming from indoor
sources. Thus reduces the level of contaminants and improves indoor air quality (IAQ). Carefully
evaluate using ventilation to reduce indoor air pollutants where there may be outdoor sources of
pollutants, such as smoke.

5.Install roof ventilation system

Reduce temperatures by replacing trapped hot air with cooler air from the outside.
Removing heat in summer and moisture in winter
Advantages:
- Reduces your power bills
- Reduces your carbon footprint
- Vast array of colours available to match your roof
- Passively cools and dries our roof space at no additional cost

6.Installing weatherproof vents

There are few different type of passive roof vents such as open stack, turbine, gable vents and few other.

Advantages and disadvantages of ventilation in

heritage building
In ancient days, there is no existence of mechanical ventilation system such as fan,air-conditioner,
air-purifier and so on to ventilate and purify the air surrounding.
They emphasize on the natural ventilation system for the cooling and warming effects in their
houses.

What is natural
ventilation?

Natural ventilation system depends on the

flow of external air to an indoor space as
a result of pressure differences arising
from natural forces.

Advantages and disadvantages of ventilation in

heritage building
Advantages

good-looking appearance
- no running pipe work and duct penetration

lower cost
- it relies on natural resources and energy

environment-friendly
- no pollution or destruction

minimal maintenance
produces less noise and
sound
- the sound of the wind or rain

Advantages and disadvantages of ventilation in heritage

building
Disadvantages

the position of openings should be adjusted and fixed

- to plan the layout of the house to fix the openings

large and unoccupied space

- be spare and unobstructed to allow the air flowing

Seasonable climate and weather can affect the natural ventilation

easy to generate dust and dirt
produce musty odor in heritage building
- Natural ventilation takes longer time to disperse the smell

Advantages and disadvantages of ventilation in heritage

building

CONCLUSION

It is good to have large flowing rate of fresh air in a building,

however sometimes it would create problems which could bring a

mess to the building. Therefore, natural ventilation system could
bring both advantages and disadvantages in the same time. People
should undertake it with considerable and effective measures in
order to create a suitable and comfortable environment.

THANK YOU!