What Makes An Airplane Fly ?

LIFT

What Makes An Airplane Fly ?

Thrust Propulsive Force F m Vexit Vinlet

.

Propulsive Power Wp F Vaircraft m Vexit Vinlet Vinlet

How can we produce propulsion for aircraft ?

.

Thrust Propulsive Force F m Vexit Vinlet

(1) Accelerate

slightly a great
mass of fluid
Propeller-driven engine

(2) Accelerate

greatly a small
mass of fluid
Jet engine=Turbojet engine

Which one
is better ?
.

m ,

Vexit Vinlet

m ,

Vexit Vinlet

Both
Turbofan engine = Fanjet engine
Turboprop engine = Propjet engine
(3)

PROPELLER-DRIVEN ENGINE

USAF T-6 trainer with four-bladed propeller

The USAAF P-47 fighter

operated with a radial engine.

The USAAF P-51 fighter

operated with an inline engine.

IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES

Gas-turbines are widely used for aircraft propulsion.
Because they are light, compact and (power/weight) .
Aircraft gas-turbines operate on a cycle called jet-propulsion
cycle.
Ideal
Brayton
cycle

Ideal
Jet-propulsion
cycle

wnet = +

wnet 0

Gases are expanded to

ambient pressure in the
turbine.

Gases leave the turbine at a relatively high

pressure. They are accelerated in a nozzle
to provide the thrust to propel the aircraft.

rp=11-16

rp=10-25

1 2: It is good to increase P at the inlet of the compressor (2).

Thus, air is decelerated in an isentropic diffuser. P increases slightly
2 3: Air is compressed isentropically in the compressor.
3 4: Air is mixed with fuel in the compression chamber and the mixture is
burned at P=constant.
4 5: Combustion products expands partially (not downto P6) in an isentropic
turbine.
wturb,out wcomp,in
5 6: Exit velocity should be high to obtain a great propulsion.
Therefore, combustion products are expanded in an isentropic nozzle
down to Patmospher and leave the aircraft at a high velocity.

Efficiency of Turbojet Engine :

We cannot use th=wnet/qin

Because, wnet = 0
In this case, we define propulsive efficiency, P:
.

Desired output WP
.
Required input Q
in

IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES

TURBO JET ENGINES

TURBO JET ENGINES

Two Rols-Royce, Olympus Engines in a Nacelle

for the Concorde

TURBO JET ENGINES (Compressor)

An axial flow compressor

General Electric F404 engine

TURBO JET ENGINES (Combustion Chamber)

A multiple combustion chamber

An annular combustion chamber

TURBO JET ENGINES (Turbine)

A high-pressure turbine stage

from a CFM56 turbofan engine

TURBO JET ENGINES

Heinkel He 178, the world's first jet-powered aircraft

TURBO JET ENGINES

The USAF T-43 trainer operates with turbojet engines.

TURBO JET ENGINES

TURBO JET ENGINES (After Burner)

Modern turbine engines are extremely efficient, but there is still a lot of oxygen
available in the exhaust stream.
An apparatus called an afterburner can be built onto a turbine engine to inject
fuel directly into the exhaust stream and burn it using up the remaining oxygen.
This heats and expands the exhaust gases further, and can increase the thrust of a
jet engine by 50% or more.
The big advantage of an afterburner is that you can significantly increase the
thrust of an engine without adding much weight or complexity to it. An afterburner
is nothing but a set of fuel injectors, a tube and flame holder that the fuel burns in,
and an adjustable exhaust nozzle. A jet engine with an afterburner needs an
adjustable nozzle so that it can work both with the afterburners on and with them
off.
The big disadvantage of an afterburner is that it uses a LOT of fuel for the
power it generates.
Therefore, most planes use afterburners sparingly. For example, a military jet
would use its afterburners when taking off from a short runway or from an aircraft
carrier's deck, or during a high-speed maneuver in a dogfight.

TURBO JET ENGINES (After Burner)

TURBO JET ENGINES (After Burner)

TURBO JET ENGINES (After Burner)

US Navy F/A-18 fighter with afterburning turbo engines

MODIFICATIONS TO TURBOJET ENGINES

The first aircrafts built were all propeller-driven with
propellers powered by engines identical to auomobile engines.
In 1952, turbojet engine was introduced.
Both engines have their own advantages and disadvantages.
Turbofan (fanjet) and Turboprop (propjet) engines were
developed to combine the desirable charaecteristics of both
engines in one engine.

MODIFICATIONS TO TURBOJET ENGINES

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

By-pass ratio=5-6

Turbofan is the most widely used engine for aircraft propulsion.

Principle : For the same power : a large volume of slower moving air will
produce more thrust than a small volume of fast moving air.
In a turbojet engine combustion products leave the engine at about twice the
speed of sound.
In turbofan engine, the high-speed combustion products are mixed with the
lower-speed air.
1. More efficient
2. Less noise production

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

Engine Characteristics
Weight (1467 kg)
Length (4.85 m)
Inlet Diameter (0.88 m)
Maximum Diameter (1. 18 in)
Bypass Ratio 0.6
Overall Pressure Ratio 25 to 1

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

Rolls Royce Tay Turbofan

Engine

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

General Electric CF6 High Bypass Ratio

Turbofan Engine

TURBOFAN (fanjet) ENGINES

F-15

TURBO FAN

TURBOPROP (propjet) ENGINES

Turbofan:
By-pass ratio=5-6. Is it good or
bad to increase by-pass ratio ?
.

m ,

Vexit Vinlet

TURBO PROP

Increasing by-pass ratio will increase

thrust and efficiency of the engine.

Turboprop: By-pass ratio 100

TURBOPROP (propjet) ENGINES

TURBOPROP (propjet) ENGINES

The USAF C-130 transport operates with turboprop engines.

PROPELLER OR TURBO ?
We said that propeller-driven engines are better,
because of accelerating slightly a great mass of fluid.

m ,

Vexit Vinlet

Why do we need turbojet, fanjet or propjet engines then ?

Propeller-driven engines
Limited speed (Speed p )
Limited altitude (Altitude p )
We can increase the speed and altitude in turbojet, fanjet
or propjet engines, without decreasing efficiency.

m ,

Vexit Vinlet

RAMJET ENGINE

Ramjet engines perform best in aircraft flying above Mach 2 or 3.

The air is slowed down to about Mach 0.2. Therefore, P increases
(compression).
Fuel is added to the air and burned at this low velocity.
Combustion gases are expanded and accelerated in a nozzle.
Ramjet engines are used for propulsion of missiles.
Needs to be brought to a high speed by an external source before it
can be fired.

RAMJET ENGINE

The USAF Bomarc missile cruised with ramjet engines.

RAMJET ENGINE
A ramjet engine is the simplest type of jet engine since it has no
moving parts. The engine is basically a specially-shaped duct open at
both ends, with the air necessary for combustion being compressed by
the forward motion of the engine. Fuel is sprayed into the airstream and
the mixture is ignited. The high-pressure air coming into the combustion
chamber keeps the reaction from going back toward the inlet.
Ramjet engines cannot operate under static conditions. In order
to function, they have to already be traveling through the air at slightly
over the speed of sound (somewhat over 740 miles per hour at sea level).
This means that the aircraft using them must first get up to the required
speed using some other type of propulsion, then start the ramjets. They
can operate at up to five times the speed of sound.
The ramjet engine is the simplest type of the all-jet engines
because it has no moving parts.

RAMJET ENGINE

Ramjets will not function until enough air is coming through the intake to
create a high-pressure flow. Otherwise, the expanding gases of the burning
fuel-air mixture would be expelled from both ends of the engine. As you
can see, this would amount to a single explosive reaction. Therefore, the
ramjet has to be traveling through the air very fast before it is started. This
means that it has to be boosted to the proper speed by some other type of
engine.
In theory, the ramjet engine has no maximum speed; it can keep
accelerating indefinitely as long as it stays within the atmosphere. In
practice, the ramjet is limited, at this time, to low hypersonic speeds (five
times the speed of sound) because atmospheric friction will melt it. The
biggest drawback of the ramjet is its high rate of fuel consumption.

PULSE JET ENGINE

A pulsejet engine uses the principle of "intermittent
combustion." The inlet duct has a series of shutters which are
spring-loaded to the open position.
Air is drawn in through these open shutters and fuel is
injected and ignited inside the combustion chamber.
The increased pressure caused by this combustion forces
the inlet shutters to close, forcing all the combustion gases to
be expelled through the outlet duct at the rear of the engine.
When the exhaust gases are expelled, the internal
pressure subsides, allowing the inlet shutters to spring open
again and the cycle repeats itself.

PULSE JET ENGINE

The German V-1 operated with a pulsejet engine.

SCRAM JET ENGINE= Supersonic Combustion RAMjet

A scramjet engine is similar to a ramjet, but is designed to
operate at well over five times the speed of sound, or at
hypersonic velocities.
As with ramjets, aircraft powered by scramjets must first
be brought up to required speed by some other means of
propulsion.
Unlike ramjets, which slow the supersonic airstream
entering the inlet to subsonic speeds before combustion, a
scramjet combusts the supersonic airstream without slowing
it.

SCRAM JET ENGINE

NASA X-43A SCRAM JET ENGINE
Tested : 27 March 2004 on Pacific Ocean
Max Speed : Mach 7 (World Record)
Uzunluk : 3 m
Kanat Akl : 1.5 m
Fired From : B-52
Test Altitude : 12000 m
Fuel : Hydrogen
Oxygen for burning : From atmosphere
Fuel lasted in : 10 s

SCRAM JET ENGINE

The National Aerospace Plane (NASP) will operate with

scramjet engines.

NEW DESIGNS

NASA has developed its Pathfinder airplane that converts solar energy
to electrical energy, then from electrical to mechanical energy, through
use of solar panels, an electric engine, and propellers.

Other NASA experimental aircraft have combined the use of propellers

(handy for high-thrust vertical takeoff without a runway) and wings
(handy for high-speed horizontal movement).