C4 Part1 v2

MASS BALANCE (CONSERVATION OF MASS):
Total mass
entering the system
Total mass
leaving the system
Net change in mass

within the system
min-mout=msys
(kg)
m in-m out=m sys
(kg/s)
Mass Flow rate (m) : m Vn dA
dA
For one-dimensional flow : m Vave A
Volume Flow rate (V) : V Vn dA

dA
For one-dimensional flow : V Vave A

.
m V
ENERGY BALANCE (CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
Ein-Eout=Esys
Net energy transfer
by heat, work and mass
(kJ)
Ein-Eout=Esys
(kJ/s=kW)
Change in internal, kinetic,

potential ,etc. energies
NOTE : When mass enters a CV, the energy of the CV always increases.
When mass leaves a CV, the energy of the CV always decreases.
TOTAL ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

Total Energy of a Simple Compressible Sys. :
e = u+ke+pe
e = u+V2+gz
E or
= leaving
mxe a CV possesses
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid : The fluid entering
Flow work is
the energy
needed to
push a fluid
into or out of
a control
volume.
an additional energy. This additional energy

is called flow work.
= u+ke+pe+Pv
=
=
=
u+V2+gz+Pv
h+V2+gz
m x
THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS

Turbines
Compressors
Pumps
Nozzles
Diffusers
(steady = no change with time)

Steady-flow
devices
Characteristics of Steady-Flow Processes

1.
No properties within the CV change with time.

VCV=const. Wb=0
mCV=const. min=mout
ECV=const. Ein=Eout
2.
No properties change at the boundaries of the

CV with time (Fluid properties at an inlet or an
exit will not change with time).
3.
Q and W interactions do not change with time.
MASS BALANCE (Conservation of mass):

Total mass
entering the system
per unit time
Total mass
leaving the system
per unit time
.
m m
i
NOTE
Conservation
of
mass
Conservation
of
volume
Net change in mass

within the system
per unit time
( kg / s )
For single-stream
(only 1 inlet and 1 exit)
systems
.
mi me
i Vi Ai e Ve Ae
1
1
Vi Ai Ve Ae
vi
ve
ENERGY BALANCE (Conservation of Energy):
Ein-Eout=Esys
Ein-Eout= 0
Net energy transfer in
Net energy transfer out

Q - W + m i (hi+kei+pei) - m e (he+kee+pee) = 0
For single-stream systems (only 1 inlet and 1 exit)

m i = m e=m
Q - W = m [(he-hi)+(kee-kei)+(pee-pei)]
Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]
q - w = [(he-hi)+(kee-kei)+(pee-pei)]
q - w = [ hei+ keei+ peei]
If the change in the ke and pe of fluid between exit and inlet

q - w = (he-hi)
q - w = hei
SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
Q 0
W=0
keei 0
peei 0
NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
Nozzles
NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
Example 4-1 : Air at 10 0 C and 80 kPa a enters the diffuser of a jet engine
steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m 2. The
air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared with the inlet
velocity. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air and (b) the temperature of
the air leaving the diffuser.
Ti=10 oC Table A-17 hi=283.14 kJ/kg

Pi=80 kPa
Vi=200 m/s
Ai=0.41m2
Vi A i
(a) m
Ve 0 m/s
Te=?
?v i
RTi (0.287 )( 283)

vi
1.015 m 3 / kg
Pi
80
1
1
Vi Ai
( 200)(0.4) 78.8 kg/s
vi
1.015
(b) Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei] 0 = m [ hei+ keei]

hei = keie
0
0
0
Cp,ave(Te-Ti) = (Vi2- Ve2)

1.005(Te-283)= (2002- 02)(1/1000)
Te=302.9 K
he-hi = (Vi2- Ve2)

he=h?i + (Vi2- Ve2)
he=283.14+(2002- 02)(1/1000)
Tab. A-17
Te=303.1 K
he=303.14 kJ/kg
Example 4-2 : Steam at 250 psia and 700 OF steadily enters a nozzle whose
inlet area is 0.2 ft2. The mass flow rate of the steam through the nozzle is 10
lbm/s. Steam leaves the nozzle at 200 psia with a velocity of 900 ft/s. The heat
losses from the nozzle per unit mass of the steam are estimated to be 1.2
Btu/lbm. Determine (a) the inlet velocity and (b) the exit temperature of the
steam.
Pi=250 psia
Ti=700 OF
Ai=0.2 ft2
mi=10 lbm/s
Vi=?
(a)
m
1
Vi Ai
vi
vi=2.688 ft3/lbm
hi=1371.1 Btu/lbm
Table A-6E
(b)
Pe=200 psia
Ve=900 ft/s
Te=?
0
[(h -h ) + (V 2- V 2)]
Q=m
e
i
e
i
Q=m
[ hei+ keei]

he=(Q/m)+hi(Ve2- Vi2)
he=q+hi- (Ve2- Vi2)

1
10
Vi (0.2)
2.688
2
2
2 2
h
=(-1.2)+1371.1
(900
-134.4
)
[
(
1
Btu/lbm
)
/
(
25037
ft
/s )]
e
Vi 134.4 ft / s
he=1354.1 Btu/lbm
Pe=200 psia
Table A-6E
Te=661.9 oF
TURBINES
A turbine is a device in which work is produced by a gas

passing over and through a set of blades fixed to a shaft
which is free to rotate.
m in
m out
W CV
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
COMPRESSORS
Compressor - used to raise the pressure of a

compressible fluid
COMPRESSORS for Refrigeration Systems
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS (Reciprocating type)
Animation Refrigeration Cycle
COMPRESSORS (Reciprocating type)
TURBINES
Turbine and Compressor Animation

(GAS TURBINE)
TURBINES & COMPRESSORS
Q0
W0
keei 0
peei 0
Example 4-3 : Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is

compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass
flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s and a heat loss of 16
kJ/kg occurs during the process. Assuming the
changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negliable determine the necessary power input to the
compressor.
i
Pi=100 kPa
Ti=280 K
Table A-17
(-16*0.02)-W=0.02(400.98-280.13)
W=-2.737 kW
Win=-2.737 kW
Pe=100 kPa
Te=400 K
hi=280.13 kJ/kg
Table A-17
he=400.98 kJ/kg
Q-W = m hei = m(he-hi)
(-16*0.02)-W=0.02[1.005*(400-280)]
W=-2.732
kW
Win=-2.732 kW
Example 4-4 : The power output of an adiabatic steam

turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and the exit conditions of
the steam are as indicated in the figure.
(a) Compare the magnitudes of h, ke, pe.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam
flowing through the turbine.
(c) Calculte the mass flow rate of the steam
Pi=2 MPa Table A-6

Pe=15 kPa h =h +x h
e
f
e fg
hi=3247.6 kJ/kg
o
Ti=400 C
xe=0.9
=[225.94+(0.9)(2373.1)]
Vi=50 m/s
Ve=180 m/s =2361.73 kJ/kg
zi=10 m
ze=6 m
(a) hei=he-hi=(2361.73-3247.6)
= -885.87 kJ/kg
keei=(Ve2-Vi2)=(1802-502)(1/1000) = 14.95 kJ/kg
peei=g (ze-zi)=9.807(6-10)(1/1000)
= -0.04 kJ/kg
0
(b) Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei] -W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]
-w=
hei+ keei+ peei -w=(-885.87)+(14.95)+(-0.04) w=870.96
kJ/kg
(c) m=W/w = 5000/870.96 = 5.74 kg/s
THROTTLING VALVES
Animation Refrigeration Cycle
THROTTLING VALVES
Turbines
P reduces
Produce work
hei=0
he=hi
Q0
W = 0
keei 0
peei 0
Throttling
valves
Used to reduce P
No work production
P T (or T )
Example 4-5 : Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as

saturated liquid at 0.8 Mpa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 Mpa.
Determine
a) the quality of the refrigerant at the final state and
b) the temperature drop during this process.
Pi=0.8 MPa
Table A-12
sat. liquid
Ti=31.33 oC
hi=93.42 kJ/kg
hf=21.32 kJ/kg
hg=233.86 kJ/kg
(a) hf<he<hg Sat. mixt.

xe=(93.42-21.32)/(233.86-21.32)
xe=0.339
(b)
Pe=0.12 MPa
Tab A-12
Pe=0.12 MPa
he=hi =93.42 kJ/kg
Tab A-12
Te=-22.36 oC
T=Te-Ti= (-22.36-31.33)=-53.69 OC
MIXING CHAMBERS
MIXING CHAMBERS
m i - m e = 0
Q0
W = 0
keei 0
peei 0
Example 4-6 : Consider on ordinary shower where hot

water at 140 oF is mixed with cold water at 50OF. If it is
desired that a steady stream of warm water at 110 oF be
supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the
hot to cold water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing
chamber to be negligable and the mixing to take place at a
pressure of 20 psia.
P1=20 psia
T1=140 oF
P2=20 psia
T2=50 oF
P3=20 psia
T3=110 oF
h1=107.96 Btu/lbm
h2=18.06 Btu/lbm
h3=78.02 Btu/lbm
Mass
Balance
m i - m
e= 0
(m1+m2)-(m3)=0 m3=m1+m2
Q - W + mi (hi+kei+pei) - me (he+kee+pee) = 0
Energy
m
h
+
m
h
(m
+m
1 1
2 2
1
2)h3 = 0
Balance
y= m1/m2 y=(h3-h2)/(h1-h3)
y=(78.02-18.06)/(107.96-78.02)=2.0
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Car Radiator
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Heating Radiators
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Fan-coil
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Tubular
ANIMATION Triple Tube Heat Exchanger

ANIMATION Surface Heat Exchanger
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate-fin
Recup &
Regen
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Rotary regenerator
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate-fin
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Shell and Tube
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Counter Flow
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Parallel Flow
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Cross Flow
HEAT EXCHANGERS
m i - m e = 0
W=0
keei 0
peei 0
Example 4-7 : Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a

condenser. The refrigerant enters the condenser with a mass
flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 Mpa and 70 oC and leaves at 35 oC.
The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15 oC and leaves at 25
o
C. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the cooling water required
(b) the heat transfer rate from the refrigerant to water.
3
1
2
P1=300 kPa
T1=15 oC
h1=62.99 kJ/kg
Mass
Balance
Energy
Balance
P2=300 kPa
T2=25 oC
h2=104.89 kJ/kg
P3=1 MPa
T3=70 oC
h3=302.34 kJ/kg
P3=1 MPa
T3=35 oC
h4=98.78 kJ/kg
mi - me = 0
m1=m2=mw
m3=m4=mR=6 kg/min=0.1 kg/s

0
0
0 0
0 0
Q - W + mi (hi+kei+pei) - me (he+kee+pee) = 0
m1h1 + m3 h3 (m2h2+m4h4) = 0 m1h1 + m3 h3 m2h2 - m4h4= 0
(a) mw(h1-h2) = mR(h4 h3)

(b) System : water
mw=0.486 kg/s
MB m
1=m2=mw=0.486 kg/s
EB Q + m1h1 m2h2 = 0
Q=20.35 kJ/s
PIPE & DUCT FLOW
Example 4-8 : The electric heating systems used in

many houses consist of a simple duct with resistance wires.
Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a
15 kW electric heating system. Air enters the heating
section at 100 kPa and 17 oC with a volume flow rate of
150 m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to the
surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit
temperature of air.
i
Pi=100 kPa
Ti=17 oC
Vi=150 m3/s
Pe=100 kPa
Te=?
MB m
=m
=m
?
i
e
m=Vi/v?i
Pivi=RTi
vi=RTi/Pi=0.287x290/10
vi=0.832 m3/kg
m=(150/60)/0.832=3 kg/s
EB Q -W+ mihi mehe = 0
Q W= m(h
e hi)
Q W= m[C
p(Te-Ti)]
-0.2-(-15)=3[1.005(Te-17)]
Te=21.9 oC
Example 4-9 : In rural areas, water is often exracted from

underground by pumps. Consider an underground water
source whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The
water is to be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The
diameter of the pipe is 15 cm at the inlet and 20 cm at the
exit. Negleting any heat interction with the surroundings and
frictional heating effects, determine the power input to the
pump required for a steady flow of water at a rate of 15 l/s.
i
Pi=Patm
di=0.15 m
Pe=Patm
de=0.20 m
Te=Ti
0
Q - W = m[(he-hi)+(kee-kei)+(pee-pei)]
? [(h?e-h?i) + (V?e2- V?i2)+g(ze-zi)] -W

-W = m
= m[(Ve2- Vi2)+g(ze-zi)]
-W = 15[(0.482- 0.852)+9.81(65)](1/1000)
m=Vi/vi= iVi=1000x15x10-3=15 kg/s
W = -9.55 kW
0 0
For liquids : h Cave T+v P

Win = 9.55 kW
h = he-hi 0
Vi=m/( iAi)=0.85 m/s
Ve=m/( eAe)=0.48 m/s

C4 Part1 v2

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C4 Part1 v2

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MASS BALANCE (CONSERVATION OF MASS):

Net change in mass

m in-m out=m sys

Mass Flow rate (m) : m Vn dA

For one-dimensional flow : m Vave A

Volume Flow rate (V) : V Vn dA

For one-dimensional flow : V Vave A

ENERGY BALANCE (CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)

Change in internal, kinetic,

TOTAL ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

an additional energy. This additional energy

THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS

(steady = no change with time)

Characteristics of Steady-Flow Processes

No properties within the CV change with time.

No properties change at the boundaries of the

Q and W interactions do not change with time.

MASS BALANCE (Conservation of mass):

Net change in mass

ENERGY BALANCE (Conservation of Energy):

Net energy transfer out

For single-stream systems (only 1 inlet and 1 exit)

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

q - w = [ hei+ keei+ peei]

If the change in the ke and pe of fluid between exit and inlet

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS

NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS

NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS

Ti=10 oC Table A-17 hi=283.14 kJ/kg

RTi (0.287 )( 283)

(b) Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei] 0 = m [ hei+ keei]

Cp,ave(Te-Ti) = (Vi2- Ve2)

he-hi = (Vi2- Ve2)

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

he=q+hi- (Ve2- Vi2)

A turbine is a device in which work is produced by a gas

Compressor - used to raise the pressure of a

COMPRESSORS for Refrigeration Systems

COMPRESSORS (Reciprocating type)

Animation Refrigeration Cycle

COMPRESSORS (Reciprocating type)

Turbine and Compressor Animation

TURBINES & COMPRESSORS

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

Example 4-3 : Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

Q-W = m hei = m(he-hi)

Example 4-4 : The power output of an adiabatic steam

Pi=2 MPa Table A-6

(b) Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei] -W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

(c) m=W/w = 5000/870.96 = 5.74 kg/s

Animation Refrigeration Cycle

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

Example 4-5 : Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as

(a) hf<he<hg Sat. mixt.

Q - W = m [ hei+ keei+ peei]

Example 4-6 : Consider on ordinary shower where hot

HEAT EXCHANGERS-Car Radiator

HEAT EXCHANGERS-Heating Radiators