EXAMPLES OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES

12/05/16

UNIFORM-FLOW PROCESS
Analyzing unsteady-flow processes is generally very diffucult.
Therefore, we will consider only one special unsteady-flow process.
That is Uniform Flow Process.

Characteristics of Uniform-Flow Processes

1. At any instance (any time) during the process, the properties of the CV
volume is uniform. The properties may change with time, but uniformly.
(Steady-Flow : Properties of the CV can change with location, but not with
time).
The properties
of the fluid leaving
the CV is the same
as the properties
inside the CV.

2. The properties of fluid at inlet is uniform and steady.

The properties of fluid at exit is uniform and steady.

MASS & ENERGY BALANCE FOR UNIFORM-FLOW PROCESS

=initial state

= final state

Mass Balance :

mi - me = mCV
mi - me = (m2-m1)CV
Energy Balance :

Ei-Ee= ECV
Q - W + mi(hi+kei+pei) - me(he+kee+pee) = [m2e2-m1e1]CV
Q - W + mi(hi+kei+pei) - me(he+kee+pee) = [m2(u2+ke2+pe2)-m1(u1+ke1+pe1)]CV

MASS & ENERGY BALANCE FOR UNIFORM-FLOW PROCESS

Q - W + mi(hi+kei+pei) - me(he+kee+pee) = [m2(u2+ke2+pe2)-m1(u1+ke1+pe1)]CV
If ke and pe changes associated with CV and fluid streams are negligible :

Q - W + mi hi - me he = (m2u2 - m1u1)CV
If mi=0 & me=0 :
MB 0 = (m2-m1)CV m2=m1

EB Q - W = (m2u2 - m1u1)CV

Q -W=m(u2-u1)= U

1st law for

closed systems

Example 4-10 : A rigid, insulated tank that is initially

evacuated is connected through a valve to a supply line that
carries steam at 1 Mpa and 300 oC. Now the valve is opened,
and steam is allowed to flow slowly into the tank until the
pressure reaches 1 MPa, at which point the valve is closed.
Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank.
i

x
e

Pi=1 Mpa
Ti=300 oC
hi=3051.2 kJ/kg

m1=0

P2=1 MPa
T2=?
2

P2=1 MPa
u2=3051.2 kJ/kg

0
0
MB mi - me = (m2-m1)CV
mi = (m2)CV

T2=456.2 oC

0 0
0
0
EB Q - W + mi hi - me he = (m2u2 - m1u1)CV
mi hi

= (m2u2)CV

hi

= (u2)CV

(u2)CV

= 3051.2 kJ/kg

Ti=300 oC
Why does T
T2=456.2 oC increase ?

h=u+Pv

Example 4-11 : A pressure cooker is a pan that cooks food much faster than
ordinary pans by maintaining a higher pressure and temperature during
cooking. The pressure inside the pan is controlled by a pressure regulator (the
petcock) that keeps the pressure at a constant level by periodically allowing
some steam to escape, thus preventing any excess pressure buildup.
Acertain pressure cooker has a volume of 6 L
and an operating pressure of 75 kPa gage. Initially, it
contains 1 kg of water. Heat is supplied to the pressure
cooker at a rate of 500 W for 30 min after the
operating pressure is reached. Assuming an
atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine (a) the
temperature at which cooking takes place and (b) the
amount of water left in the pressure cooker at the end
of the process.
i

Pe=175 kPa
Sat. vapor

m1=1 kg
P1=175 kPa

P2=175 kPa
m2=?

he= 2700.6 kJ/kg

(a) P is constant during the process.

We have only sat. Mixture inside the cooker.
Pabs=Pgage+Patm=75 +100=175 kPa T=116.06 0C

(b)

0
MB mi - me = (m2-m1)CV
- me = (m2- m1)CV me = (m1- m2)CV
0
0
EB Q - W + mi hi - me he = (m2u2 - m1u1)CV
Qme he = (m2u2- m1u1)CV

(m1- m2)he = (m2u2- m1u1)CV

Q-

Q = Qx t
= 0.5x(30x60)
= 900 kJ

Pe=175 kPa
Sat. Vapor

m1=1 kg
P1=175 kPa

P2=175 kPa
m2=V/v2= 6x10-3/v2

he= 2700.6 kJ/kg v1=V/m1=6x10-3/1= 6x10-3 kg

x1= (v1-Vf)/vfg=(6x10-3 0.001)/(1.004-0.001)=0.005
u1=uf+x1ufg=486.8+0.005x2038.1=497.0 kJ/kg
Q(m1- m2)he = m2u2- m1u1
There are 2 unknowns : u2 and v2
500 -[1- (6x10-3/v2)]2700.6 = (6x10-3/v2)u2-1x497
v2=vf+x2vfg
u2=uf+x2ufg

x2=0.009

v2=0.01 m3/kg

m2=V/v2= 6x10-3/ 0.01 = 0.6 kg