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Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
Velocity diagrams
Centrifugal Compressors
Work done and Pressure Rise:
Centrifugal Compressors
Slip factor
C x2
; 1
U
0.63
; ( experiments : by stanitz);
n
n number of vanes ( blades)
Considering
unit mass of air:
momentum
equation
T torque C x 2 r2 C x1r1 ;
Work T C x 2 r2 - 0.0
(for ideal case of no guide vanes)
Utilizing slip factor , thus,
Work U 2
Centrifugal Compressors
Energy balance
c p (To 3 To1 ) U 2
Where (To 3 To1 ) : stagnation temperature
rise across the compressor
=
3 as exit of diffuser
No energy addition in diffuser
Thus
Centrifugal Compressors
Defining c as overall isentropic efficiency, then
overall stagnation pressure ratio is given by :
'
To3 To1
To3 To1
Po3
Po1
To
3
'
To '
1
c (To To )
3
To1
To1
cu 2
1
c p To
c presents both less ( frictional) in rotor and diffuser ; : less (friction) in rotor .
both are limiting work capacity in compressor
: a factor limiting work capacity of compressor
Centrifugal Compressors
The Diffuser:
In the case of gas turbine, the air should exit
the diffuser and enters the combustion
chamber at minimum velocity.
Thus, design of diffuser requires that only a
small part of strengthening temperature is K.E.
normally u=90m/s at exit of the compressor.
rapid divergence is not recommended
optimum angle is 7.0.
Neglecting losses, thus, angular momentum r
C=constant
Cr: radial velocity will also decrease.
Centrifugal Compressors
Compressibility Effects
Centrifugal Compressors
we try to avoid this by having guide vanes and it is
better to be variable in the case of change of
conditions, such as altitude.
By trial and error, the value of Ca can be
determined from Ca and , C1 and C1 can be
determined. Then value V1 can be determined
which is smaller =239 m/s.
239
RT
0.82
Centrifugal Compressors
For 30 pre whirl
C1=150/cos30=173.2
T1 T0
C1
2c p
9
check on, Ca1
149
1.148 * 0.053
vel.C x1 149 tan 30 86m / s
v1t
149 2 273 56
239
239
1.4 0.287 * 280 * 1020
0.7
Centrifugal Compressors
In spite of the advantage, it has a disadvantage
of reducing the pressure ratio of compressor.
Po3
Po1
1 c To13 / T1
, where
T013 u 2 C x1 uc / c p
uc uaverage (u1h u1t ) / 2
Centrifugal Compressors
In this example
p o3
p o3
p o1
p o1
Centrifugal Compressors
Vaneless diffusers:
For vaneless diffuser, no problem, it can handle
supersonic flow while vaned diffuser cant.
At the exit of the vaneless diffuser, C3=355,
M2=0.56<1.0, which is subsonic and is ok for vaned
diffuser.
Advantages of vane less diffuser:
Mach number M2 could be supersonic without
Vaneless space will eliminate any non-uniformity of
the flow coming out of the impeller ( jets and
wakes).
This is good to avoid any problem in exciting the
vanes.
As a normal practice, no. of vanes in the diffuser is
less than impeller blades.
N (vanes)<N (impeller)
Centrifugal Compressors
Non-dimensional quantities for compressor
characteristics:
D=diameter,
N=rpm,
m=mass flow rate
po1=inlet pressure,
po2=exit pressure
T01=inlet temperature, To2=exit temperature
N=no. of variables
M=basic dimensions
there are 7 variables, 3basic dimensions (M,L,T)
and terms 7-3=4.
m RTo1 ND
Po 2 / Po1 , To 2 / To1 ,
,
2
D Po1
RTo1
For same compressor
m To1 N
,
Po1
To1
Characteristic Pressure
versus Flow Plot
Ideal characteristic
pressure versus flow
plot for the theoretical
compressor is a
straight line that slopes
downward to the right
Ideal characteristic plot
is affected by various
energy losses in a real
compressor
Centrifugal Compressors
Stall
Defined as the (aerodynamic stall) or the breakaway of the flow from the suction side of the
blades.
A multi-staged compressor may operate safely with
one or more stages stalled and the rest of the
stages unstalled . but performance is not optimum.
Due to higher losses when the stall is formed.
Surge
Is a special fluctuation of mass flow rate in and out
of the engine. No running under this condition.
Surge is associated with a sudden drop in delivery
pressure and with violent aerodynamic pulsation
which is transmitted throughout the whole
machine.
Example
Centrifugal Compressors
Example 4.1
The following data are suggested as a basis
for the design of a single-sided centrifugal
compressor:
Power input factor = =1.04
Slip factor = 0.9
Rotational speed, N= 290 rev/s
Overall diameter of impeller, D=0.5m
Eye tip diameter=2re=De=0.3m
Eye root diameter, D1=2r1=0.15m
Air mass flow, m=9 kg/s
Inlet stagnation temperature To1= 295
Inlet stagnation pressure Po1 = 1.1 bar
Isentropic efficiency, c=0.78
Centrifugal Compressors
Requirements are
(a) to determine the pressure ratio of the
compressor and the power required to drive
it assuming that the velocity of the air at
inlet is axial.
(b) to calculate the inlet angle of the impeller
vanes at the root and tip of the radii of the
eyes, assuming that the axial inlet velocity
is constant across the eye annulus; and
(c) to estimate the axial depth of the impeller
channels at the periphery of the impeller.
Centrifugal Compressors
(a) impeller tip speed
U r2 2 * * N * r2 DN
U
1.04 0.9 455.5
193K
3
cp
1.005 10
To3 To1
p o3
po1
c (To3 To1 )
To1
0.78 193
1
295
3.5
4.23
Centrifugal Compressors
Power required= .
m c p (To3 To1 ) 9 1.005 193 1746kW
i. e. C a1 C1
C a1 1 must satisfy the continuity equation m 1 A1C a1
where A1 is the flow area at inlet.
Centrifugal Compressors
Flow triangles
u2=455.5 m/s
2
2
C
A
C
d
d
equation but another
1 1 1
1 1
1t
1h
4
relation is given by
P1
C1
1
and To1 T1
RT1
2c p
2
then
p1 T1
p o1 To1
c1
then get T1 To1
2c p
and, thus, calculate 1
Centrifugal Compressors
Note this is normal to design for an axial velocity
of about 150 m/s, this providing a suitable
compromise between high flow per unit frontal
area and frictional losses in the intake.
(0.3 2 0.15 2 )
A1
0.053m 2
4
Based on stagnation conditions:
1 o1
p o1
RTo1
1.1 100
1.30kg / m 3
0.287 295
Centrifugal Compressors
m
9
C1 C a1
131m /
1 A1 1.30 0.053
Since C1 C a1
C1
1312
1.312
8.5 K
3
2c p
0.201
2 1.005 10
2
T1 To1
p1
C
1 295 8.5 286.5 K
2c p
p o1
(To1 / T1 ) 1
1.1
295 / 286.5
3.5
0.992
p1
0.992 100
1.21kg / m 3
RT1
0.287 286.5
Centrifugal Compressors
checkC a1 :
m
9
C a1
140m / s
1 A1 1.21 0.053
final trial :
C1
145 2
1.45 2
10.5 K
3
2c p 2 1.005 10
0.201
Centrifugal Compressors
2
C
T1 To1 1 295 10.5 284.5 K
2c p
p1
p o1
(To1 / T1 )
1.1
295 / 284.5
3.5
0.968
p1
0.968 100
1
1.185kg / m 3
RT1 0.287 284.5
checkC a1 :
m
9
C a1
143m / s
1 A1 1.85 0.053
Centrifugal Compressors
This is a good agreement and a further trial
using Ca1=143 m/s is unnecessary because
a small change in C has little effect upon .
For this reason, it is more accurate to use the
final value 143 m/s, rather than the mean of
145 m/s ( the trial value) and 143 m/s.
The vane angles can now be calculated as
follows:
Centrifugal Compressors
at root=tan-1(143/136.5)=46.33,
at tip =tan-1143/273=27.65
(c) the shape of the impeller channel between eye
and tip is very much a matter of trial and error.
The aim is to obtain as uniform a change of flow
velocity up the channel as possible, avoiding local
decelerations up the trailing face of the vane.
To estimate the density at the impeller tip, the
static pressure and temperature are found by
calculating the absolute velocity at this and using
it in conjunction with the stagnation pressure
which is calculated from the assumed loss up to
this point.
Centrifugal Compressors
Making the choice C r2 C a1 , thus
Cw2 U 0.9 455.5 410m / s
Cr2 Cw 2
2
C2
2
2c p
1.43 4.1
93.8 K
0.201
2
m
A
2Cr2
c 0.78,
loss 0.22,
1/ 2 loss 0.11
the loss in the impeller 0.5(1 c ) 0.11
x , rotor 0.89
Centrifugal Compressors
p o2
p o1
p o2
p o1
0.89 193
1
295
3 .5
1.582 3.5
To1
Centrifugal Compressors
2
C r C x2
C2
2c p
2c p
C2 u
Cr2 Ca1 , assume
2
C2
thusT2 To2
T2
2c p
togetP2
po 2
po1
To '
2
'
&c
To2 To1
To
To2 To1
1
thus get 2.
P2
Centrifugal Compressors
/ p o2 T2 / To2
3.5
C2
T2 To2
488 93.8 394.2 K , therefore ,
2c p
p 2 T2
p o2 To2
394.2
488
p2
p2
(
)
po
p o2
2
3.5
sin ce
p o2
po
1
, get p 2 as
p o1
p2
p
394.2
p 2 p o1 2 1.532
p o1
p o1
488
3 .5
2.28kg / m 3
RT2
0.287 394.2
2.35
Centrifugal Compressors
The required area of cross-section of flow in
the radial direction at the impeller tip is
A
m
9
0.0276 m 2
2 C r2 2.28 143
A
0.0276
0.0176m or 1.76 cm
D 0.5
Centrifugal Compressors
Example 4.2
Consider the design of a diffuser for the
compressor dealt with in the previous example.
The following additional data will be assumed:
Radial width of vaneless space
wd =
5 cm
Approximate mean radius of diffuser throat, rm
=0.033m
Depth of diffuser passages dd
1.76
Number of diffuser vanes
nv
12
Required are (a) the inlet angle of the diffuser
vanes and (b) the throat width of the diffuser
(a)Consider
conditions
at thetoradius
the
passages
which
are assumed
be of of
constant
diffuser vane leading edges, at
depth
r2=0.25+0.05=0.3m. Since in the vaneless
space r Cw =constant for constant angular
momentum,
Centrifugal Compressors
0.25
C x2 410
342m / s
0.30
C x Cr2
C2
Try Cr2 97 m/s, thus,
2c p
2c p
Centrifugal Compressors
Ignoring any additional loss between the impeller tip
and diffuser vane leading edges at 0.3m radius, the
stagnation pressure will be that calculated for the
impeller tip, namely it will be that given by
Po 2 / Po1 (1.582)
3.5
C2
T2 To2
, T2 488 62.9 425.1K
2c p
p 2 425.1
p o2 488
3.5
p2
425.1
,
1.582
p o1
488
3.5
3.07
3.38 100
2.77kg / m 3
0.287 425.1
Centrifugal Compressors
Area of cross-section of
flow in radial
Check on Cr2:
2 * * 0.3 * 0.0176
0.0332m 2
Centrifugal Compressors
(b) the throat width of the diffuser channels
may be found by a similar calculation for
the flow at the assumed throat radius of
0.33m.
0.25
Cx2 410
0.33
311m / s
C2
3.112 0.83 2
p o1
488
3.5
3.71 100
2
2.96kg / m 3
0.287 436.5
Centrifugal Compressors
Area in radial direction=A (radial) = 2Db =0.0365
Get
C r2
m9
(check ) C r2
C r2 83.3
Aradi 2
-1
Cr2
Cx2
) 15