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CARNOT CYCLE
The Carnot cycle
-Most efficient heat engine that
can operate between two fixed
temperatures TH and TL.
-The Carnot heat-engine cycle is
a totally reversible cycle
BOILER (W=0)
CONDENSER (W=0)
TURBINE (Q=0)
Example 1
Compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle for which steam
leaves the boiler as superheated vapor at 6 MPa, 350 oC, and is condensed
at 10 kPa.
P2 = P3 =
6 MPa
P2 = P3 = 6 MPa
T3 = 350oC
P2 = P3 =
6 MPa
350oC
P 1 = P4 =
10 kPa
P1 = P4 =
10 kPa
P1 = P4 = 10 kPa
kJ
h
191.81
1
f
kg
P1 10 kPa
Sat. liquid
m3
v v f 0.00101
1
kg
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 ) h2 h1
h2 wpump h1
kJ
kJ
191.81
kg
kg
kJ
197.86
kg
6.05
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 )
m3
kJ
0.00101 (6000 10) kPa 3
kg
m kPa
kJ
6.05
kg
3
kJ
h
3043.9
P3 6000 kPa 3
kg
kJ
T3 350o C
s 6.3357
3
kg K
Q&in
qin
h3 h2
&
m
(3043.9 197.86)
2845.1
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
We find the properties at state 4 from the steam tables A-5 by noting
s4 = s3 = 6.3357 kJ/kg-K.
at P4 10kPa : s f 0.6492
kJ
kJ
; s g 8.1488
kg K
kg K
is s4 s f ?
is s f s4 s g ?
is sg s4 ?
wturb h3 h4
s4 s f x4 s fg
x4
s4 s f
s fg
6.3357 0.6492
0.758
7.4996
h4 h f x4 h fg
kJ
kJ
0.758(2392.1)
kg
kg
kJ
2005.0
kg
191.81
kJ
(3043.9 2005.0)
kg
kJ
1038.9
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
1032.8
kg
10
kJ
1032.8
wnet
kg
th
kJ
qin
2845.1
kg
0.363 or 36.3%
Example 2
Consider a steam power plant operating on the simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 350C and is condensed in the condenser at a
pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.
refer Table A 5 :
w pump 3.033 kJ / kg
h1 h f 384.44 kJ / kg
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 ) h2 h1
h fg 2278.0 kJ / kg
v1 v f 0.001037 m 3 / kg
h2 387.473 kJ / kg
s f 1.2132 kJ / kg.K
s fg 6.2426 kJ / kg.K
5
3
P3 3 MPa
s4 s3
T3 350 C
x4
refer table A 6 :
h3 3116 .1 kJ / kg
s3 6.7450 kJ / kg.K
4
P4 75 kPa
s4 s f
s fg
6.7450 1.2132
0.886
6.2426
h4 h f x4 h fg 384.44 0.886(2278.0)
7
h4 2402.748 kJ / kg
10
th
wnet
710.319
0.26
qin
2728.627
OR
10
(a) Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine cycle.
(b) The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the ideal Rankine cycle.
Example 3
A steam power plant operates on the cycle as shown in Figure below. If the
isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 87 percent and the isentropic efficiency of the
pump is 85 percent, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the net
power output of the plant for a mass flow rate of 15 kg/s.
P6 10 kPa
P1 9 kPa
refer Table A 5 :
v1 v f 0.001009 m 3 / kg
s f 0.6492, s fg 7.4996
ws v1 ( P2 P1 )
wa
wa
h f 191.81, h fg 2392.1
wa
ws 0.001009(16000 9)
P
0.85
wa , PUMP 18.982 kJ / kg
s fg
0.804
h6 s h f x6 h fg 191.81 0.804(2392.1)
h6 s 2115 .058 kJ / kg
w
T a
ws
wa T ws 0.87(h5 h6 s )
refer Table A 6 :
wa
ws
wa T ws 0.87(h5 h6 s )
h5 3583.1 kJ / kg
h6 s from s6 s5
s6 s f
wa ,TURBINE 1277.197 kJ / kg
qin , BOILER h4 h3
Boiler inlet liquid
refer Table A 7 (15.9 MPa, 35 C ) int erpolation Temp . & Pr ess. :
h3 160.862
Boiler output steam
refer TableA 6 int erpolation at 15.2 MPa, 625 C. :
h4 3645.996
qin , BOILER h4 h3 3645.996 160.862
qin , BOILER 3485.134 kJ / kg
th
0.361
qin
qin
3485.134
kg
kJ
x1258.215
18873.225kW
s
kg
18
19
20
21
The closed feedwater heaters are more complex because of the internal tubing
network, and thus they are more expensive. Heat transfer in closed feedwater
heaters is less effective since the two streams are not allowed to be in direct contact.
However, closed feedwater heaters do not require a separate pump for each heater
since the extracted steam and the feedwater can be at different pressures.
Open feedwater
heaters are simple
and inexpensive and
have good heat
transfer
characteristics. For
each heater, however,
a pump is required to
handle the feedwater.
Most steam power
plants use a
combination of open
and closed feedwater
heaters.
A steam power plant with one open and three closed feedwater heaters.
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