ASPECTS OF

LANGUAGE TEST
1. Divisions
2. Objective & Essay Test

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APPROACHES IN
LANGUAGE TESTING
1. Discrete point test: testing language
components separately
2. Integrative test: combining language elements
3. Pragmatic test: integrating language
component in artificial situations
4. Communicative test: the use of language in
real situation
5. Contextual based test: process evaluation
using various sources of learning record
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PRONUNCIATION TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Identifying sound
Discriminate sound
Spelling sentences
Spelling words or phrases
Spelling groups of sentences
Reading aloud

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VOCABULARY TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Showing objects
Demonstration
Synonym
Antonym
Defining word(s)
Mentioning word meaning
Sentence completion
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GRAMMAR TEST
1. Forming word structure
2. Forming phrases
3. Constructing sentences

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LISTENING TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To answer question in phrase

To answer question in sentences
To extract message of a passage
To answer question of a passage
To retell

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READING TEST
1. To complete a passage
2. To answer question
3. To summarize a passage

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SPEAKING TEST
1. Short talk
2. To retell
3. Free conversation

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WRITING TEST
1. To describe pictures
2. To develop synopsis
3. Free writing---paragraph, composition,
article, term paper

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DICTATION
1. Standardized dictation
2. Part dictation

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SPECIFIC FOCUSES
1. Reading
2. Speaking
3. Writing

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READING TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.

Comprehension
Schemata
Vocabulary
Intended message of a text

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Techniques of Item
1. Previewing: topic or general idea; first &
last sentence of each paragraph
2. Main idea: point of view or thesis, e.g.
the main idea, the subject, the topic, the
title
3. Context for vocabulary: combination of
vocabulary and grammar surrounding a
word; in a sentence or paragraph; predict
meaning
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Techniques of Item
4. Scanning for details: important content
words (noun, verb, adjective, adverb),
synonyms, capitalization for names,
beginning of sentences.
5. Inferences: direct statement, evidence
supporting the statement, conclusion
after relating the evidences
6. Identifying exceptions: select the
substance not mentioned in the text
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Techniques of Item
7. Locating references: identify pronoun,
e.g. it, them, etc.
8. Referring passage: line number of a
meaning.
9. Intended meaning: a true meaning of a
context

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SPEAKING TEST
1. Reproduction level: legible topics, informal,
individual experience, scenario been recorded,
limited vocabulary and grammar, topic
switching not happen
2. Communication level: vocabulary and grammar
extend, dialogues, formal topics, topic
switching occur, question and answer run,
presentation of one way
3. Interaction: no problem in grammar and
vocabulary, new topics initiated, topic switching
runs, fluent
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Speaking Profile Evaluation

1. Accent: pronunciation, dialect, legible, no
repetition
2. Grammar: almost no mistakes, patterns, word
order, grammatical sensitivity
3. Vocabulary: word variations, various terms,
natural, nuance, idiomatic
4. Fluency: smooth, instant changes, simple and
complex matters, no stop or pauses, speed
5. Comprehension: understand fully, high speed,
complex terms, retell meaning in own words
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TESTING WRITING
Paragraph, composition, essay
Rhetoric Aspectsmode, genre
1. Narrative
2. Descriptive
3. Expository
4. Argumentative-5. Persuasion
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Testing writing
Linguistic Aspects
1. Syntax: sentence problems
2. Grammar: structure errors
3. Vocabulary: diction, word level
4. Mechanics: paragraphing, capitalization,
typing, punctuation---primary traits,
analytic, holisticorganization, content,
languagu use, diction, mechanics.
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Paragraph
Form
Title
First line indent
Topic sentence: topic and controlling idea
Supporting sentences: unity, direct rhetoric
Coherence: transition signal, logical order,
grammatical profile
Conclusion: have concluding sentence
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Essay
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Contents
Organization
Vocabulary
Language use
Mechanics

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CLOZE-TEST
(W.J. Taylor, 1953)
1. Incomplete closure/passage; indirect
measure of language component
2. Deleted words in n-th.
3. First and last sentences are left complete
4. Passages of 300 words for 50 items
5. Normal deletion: every 10 words
6. Correct answer: synonym or almost
similar
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Sample Test
Around the globe, people are seeking 1. --establish constitutional democracies. Many
newly democratic 2. --- are turning to the
international community 3. --- support, and the
international community is 4. --- to respond.
1. To
3. Internal

2. governments
4. likely

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C-TEST
(Christinee Klein-Braley, 1983)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The improvement of cloze-test.

Using more than one text
Deletion on the rule of 2.
First and last sentences left
Deletion left clue

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Sample of Test
Indonesia possesses a tropical climate.
Its 1. sea----, rainy 2. a -- dry, 3. a
--determined 4. b - monsoon 5. wi --- .
Temperature 6. lev --- follow 7. alti ---rather 8. th --- season.
season
levels

and
altitude

are
than

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by

wind