Solid Mechanics (CE21005)

L-T-P : 3-1-0
Total No of Classes : 55
Instructors
LS Ramachandra

SJ Hossain

Teaching assistants
Susmita Mondal

Rushdi I Islam

Saptarshi Lahiri

Mriytunjay Mondal

Sl
No

Topics to be covered; Autumn 2016

Topic
NC243/NC
244

Introduction

1 hrs

Bending of beams:
Symmetrical sections
Unsymmetrical sections
Curved beams

5 hrs

Stresses:
State of stress at a point; 2D and 3D
representation
Transformation, Invariants and principle
stresses

5 hrs

Strains:
4 hrs
Engineering strain measure; 2D and 3D
representation
Transformation, Invariants and principle
strains
TEXT BOOK(MD)
Advanced
Mechanics
of Solids;
Author
L. S. Srinath
(any edition)
Constitutive
relations:
Generalized
Hookes
Law 1 hrs
5
Engineering Mechanics of Solids; Author E. P. Popov (any
edition)
Introduction to Solid Mechanics; Author I. H. Shames (any

Cont. to next page

Topics to be covered; Autumn 2016

Sl
No

Topic

NC243/NC2
44

Differential equations of equilibrium, 2D and 3D

Integrability requirements and strain compatibility

2 hrs

Failure theories and safety factors

2 hrs

Energy methods
Using potential energy
Using complementary energy
Principle of virtual work
Virtual displacement
Virtual force

6 hrs

Torsion of non circular cross-sections

5 hrs

10

Shear stresses, shear center of thin walled open 4 hrs

sections

11

Buckling
of
imperfections

columns,

Beam-columns,

initial 5 hrs

Important Information

Attendance : 100% ( we set must be > 80% )

Students with less than 80 % will be
automatically deregistered
Distribution of marks:
20%(TA, i.e., class test+attendance) + 30%
(Midsem) + 50% (Endsem)
No of class tests = 2

As

per laws of motion if the resultant forces acting on a

particle is zero then particle has no acceleration and it is in
equilibrium. ( due to Newton)
However we preclude the possibility of having constant
velocity and consider only the statics.
Consider a particle subjected to several forces .
Now the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium
of particle is

A continuous distribution of matter over a predefined space is termed

as continuum. We assume that the occupied space can be subdivided
infinitely!

The continuum which undergoes no deformation when

subjected to forces is known as the rigid body.
PS. All continuum undergoes deformation. However, the
deformation may be very small to affect the analysis.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for a rigid body to be in
equilibrium
(1) translational part: ( is a vector)
(2)

rotational part:
( is the moment [pseudo vector] taken about a point O)

Necessary condition for a deformable system to be in equilibrium is that

the set of external forces which act on the system and every sub-system
of the original system should satisfy the following two equations.
(1)

translational part: ( is a vector)

(2)

rotational part:
( is the moment [pseudo vector] taken about a point O)
Sufficient conditions will be
discussed later

Partially pinned/hinged supports

Fixed support
Pinned/hinge support

Roller support

Roller supports

Fixed support

Representation of
supports

RULE: for every constraint

there exists a (conjugate)
constraining force/reaction

BEAM

ender structural member which has one of its dimensions very large compared to other two dimensions.
/deformation in the transverse direction=> beam

Our way of representation

P

M
x

Problem 1. Draw Bending moment (B.M.) and Shear force (S.F.) diagram for the following beam.
y

z
a

The above supports are called as simple supports and the above beam is
termed as planar structure as it is in a single plane.
Step 1. Choose coordinate axes. In the present case, we have chosen the
co-ordinate axes system as shown in the figure.
Step 2. In the second step, remove the supports and apply statically
equivalent forces.

External Part

Here , and are unknowns.

Now we write equilibrium equations
and identify , and as

Free body diagram

Moment
about A

Solving the equilibrium equations we obtain and

Internal Part
Section Forces

At any cross-section of a beam

we
have
three
stress
resultants:
axial force
shear force
bending moment

Internal Part

Part-1:
Considering the left side of the cut beam
we have

Constant in x

Linear in x

Internal Part
Part-2:
Considering the left side of the cut beam
we have

Linear in x

Constant in x but with ve sign

Shear force diagram (SFD)

Bending moment diagram (BMD)

Note:
At supports,
deflections are zero
but shear forces are
non-zero
At supports, bending
moments are zero
but section rotations
are non-zero
Point forces
introduce jumps in
the SFD

Problem 2. Draw Bending moment (B.M.) and Shear force (S.F.) diagram for the following beam.

The above supports are called as simple supports and the above beam is
termed as planar structure as it is in a single plane.
Step 1. Choose coordinate axes. In the present case, we have chosen the
co-ordinate axes system as shown in the figure.
Step 2. In the second step, remove the supports and apply statically
equivalent forces.

External Part

Here , and are unknowns.

Now we write equilibrium equations
and identify , and as
Free body diagram

Moment
about A

Solving the equilibrium equations we obtain and

Internal Part
Section Forces

At any cross-section of a beam

we
have
three
stress
resultants:
axial force
shear force
bending moment

Internal Part

Part-1:
Considering the left side of the cut beam
we have

Constant in x

Linear in x

Internal Part
Part-2:
Considering the left side of the cut beam
we have

Linear in x

Constant in x

Shear force diagram (SFD)

Bending moment diagram (BMD)

Note:
At supports,
deflections are zero
but shear forces are
non-zero
At supports, bending
moments are zero
but section rotations
are non-zero
Point moments
introduce jumps in
the BMD

Simple bending
Consider a straight prismatic beam as shown in the
figure.
z

x
y

The cross section is symmetrical about y-axis. Also note that load is applied in xyFor such beams bending will take place in the same plane i.e. xy- plane. We assum
The bending moment is constant throughout its length which is the case of pure be
y

Under the action of loading

beam will bend into a curved
shape as shown


Curvature:
Consider two points P and Q on the deformed curve. Normals drawn at P and Q intersect at
O. It is seen that the change in slope between the tangents drawn at P and Q is .
The arc PQ:
The change in slope per unit arc length between P and Q is .
The curvature is defined as

rom geometry one can obtain

ere v=v(x) is the transverse displacement.

ere v=v(x) is the transverse displacement.

Here we assume that the deformation is

sufficiently small so that one can use undeformed coordinates to locate a point in
the deformed configuration.

Assumptions:
Cross-sections normal to the centroidal axis
(AB and CD) of the beam before bending
remain plane and perpendicular to the
centroidal axis after bending (AB and
CD). Thus, fibers along the upper surface
of the beam are compressed and the fibers
along the lower surface of the beam are
elongated.
Material is homogeneous, isotropic and
assumed to be linear.
Fibers normal to the centriodal axis remain
unstretched.

O1-O2 undergoes
neither extension or
compression

Note: O1-O2 is the trace of

the surface in which fibers
undergo no strain during
deformation. Such
surfaces are known as
neutral surface.
O1-O2 is lying on the
neutral axis.

Remark:
Bending strain varies
linearly with the depth.
Strain in A1-A2:
Stress developed in A1-A2:

Sign convension
Identify the neutral axis location

=0 (neutral axis distance from centroid)

==

Using the above relation one obtains

For +ve y we have tensile stress

For -ve y we have comressive stress

Resultants of the compressive and tensile stress

Statically equivalent Moment (Bending Moment)

Beam with composite

section

ep 1: calculate the centroid and the area moments

of the section

Step 2: Calculation of neutral axis

Strain

is the distance measured from NA

Stress

Equilibrium of axial forces

Step 3: Calculate everything with respect to neutral axes

Strain

Stress

Stress

Bending Moment

Problem 1: A simply-supported beam is subjected to transverse loads as shown below.

1. Find the support reactions
2. Draw the SF and BM diagrams

Problem 2: Consider composite section as shown below

1. Find CG of the section
2. Locate the position of Neutral axis
3. Assuming M = 10kNm draw the bending stress distribution

Moments of inertia or second moments of area about y and z- axes

Were discussed in the case of symmetrical bending. In case of
unsymmetrical Bending we require apart from moment of inertia
about z and y-axes, Products of inertia about orthogonal axes passing
through centroid.

is known as the product of inertia.

NOTE: If the cross section is having an
axis of symmetry then the product of
inertia is zero.
For every element dA with +z coordinate, there
exists a similar area dA with z coordinate.
Hence, the corresponding elementary product
yzdA cancel each other.


For
any arbitrary corss-section the area moment of
inertia and the product moment of inertia with respect to
orthogonal axes yz are defined as
Let yz be the centroidal axes for an area of arbitrary
shape. Now, it is sought to determine how the moment
and the product of inertia change when the axes are
rotated. Let y and z be the new set of coordinate axes
tilted at an angle .
y = OP + PS = OP+QR

Similarly, we write

OR

Similarly, we write

NOTE:
=
and are functions of . For extremum (maximum/minimum) values

NOTE:
Two roots are apart, about one the axes the moment of inertia is maximum and about the
other axis it is minimum. About these two centroidal axes the product of inertia is zero.

Consider a straight prismatic beam having arbitrary

cross-section.
Its reference axes y and z are not the principal axis
of the cross-section. In such cases resolve the

In the case of symmetric cross-section, the

neutral surface will be perpendicular to the
loading plane.
For example, if a moment is applied in the
x-y plane then the neutral plane will be
parallel to the x-z plane as shown in the
Figure.
However, this is not true for an arbitrary
cross section.

NOTE: The assumptions made for pure

bending are still valid

Recall
Assumptions:
Cross-sections normal to the centroidal axis
(AB and CD) of the beam before bending
remain plane and perpendicular to the
centroidal axis after bending (AB and
CD). Thus, fibers along the upper surface
of the beam are compressed and the fibers
along the lower surface of the beam are
elongated.
Material is homogeneous, isotropic and
assumed to be linear.
Fibers normal to the centriodal axis remain
unstretched.

 a consequence of the assumptions given in

As
above the strain at N is written as
From Hooks law the stress in the x-direction
(bending stress)

is written as
Now, from geometry r (perpendicular distance
from N to
neutral axis) may be written as
Substituting the value of r in the bending stress

expression,
projected curvature in the xy plane
projected curvature in the xz plane

Thus,
we have

Identify the neutral axis location

Sum of moments about y axis =0 =

Sum of moments about z axis =0 =

Identify the neutral axis location

Solving for and we get

Neutral plane:

Convenient form of representing the bending stress

Problem: A beam fixed at one end and free at

the other end is subjected a point load at the
free end. The span of the beam is 2m and the
load passes through the centroid of the section
as shown in the figure. Calculate the followings
1. Locate the centroid of the cross section
2. Area moment of inertias, i.e., Iyy, Izz and Iyz
3. Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
4. Bending stresses at A, B and C

 C-180 x 15 [mm] rolled steel channel( Iz =8.86 x 106 mm4, Iy=0.64 x 106 mm4 , depth=178
A
mm, width=53 mm, =13.7 mm) is used as a simply supported beam as, for example, a
purlin in a roof (see Figure). If the slope of the roof is and the span of the purlin is 4 m,
determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam caused by a
uniformly distributed vertical load of 1.00 kN/m.