UNIT 4

REFERENCE & EXPLETIVE

Objectives:

1. To identify pronouns as references

and to identify (an) other and others
2. To recognize expletive There and
It

1. Reference
There are 8 types of pronouns:
a.Subject pronouns
b.Object pronouns
c.Possessive adjectives
d.Possessive pronouns
e.Demonstrative pronouns
f.Relative pronouns
g.Reflexive pronouns
h.Other References

Examples
1. We are reading the books
2. We are reading them.
3. The teacher is talking to us.
4. Our books are here.
5. These books are ours.
6. Your classmates, whose experiences are different from
yours, are eager to help and be helped
7. A: How long does it take them to get used to eating
American food?
B: That depends on the student and where he is from.

Forward reference word

E.g. For the first time that they can remember
farmers in Latin America are relieved of the
constant of vampire bats.

Backward reference word

E.g. Computers have many uses today. They
can solve difficult problems and control
complex machines.

Note: It is not always used as a

reference word. For example
Although it is difficult to say anything
definite about events that took place so
long ago, scientists have been able to
suggest some dates for the main stages
in the history of our planet.

Another, other and the other(s)

a. Another
Another is used with singular nouns to talk
about an additional person or thing.
e.g. Could I have another cup of tea?
Another is used with singular nouns to talk
about an additional person or thing.
e.g. He opened another shop last month.

Another is also used with a number and a plural

noun to talk about more people or things.

e.g.:
1. We need another two hours to complete
this assignment.
2. Ive got another three books to read.

b. Other
Other is used with plural nouns.
e.g. Ive got other things to think
about.

c. The other(s)
The other is used with singular or
plural nouns.
Examples:
1. We have two students. One is still here, but
the other (student) is gone.
2. We have beaten three European countries in
the football matches, but the other countries
have beaten us. (but the others have beaten
us).

2. Expletive there and it.

a. There
E.g. I like Jogyakarta; there are many tourism
areas there.

b. It
E.g. It is used in statements about time,
weather, distance and identification.

Time
Is it late? No, its early
What time is it? Its two oclock

Weather
Is it raining? No, but it looks like rain

Distance
How far is it to Anis school?
Its about three kilometers

Identification
A: Someone is at the door.
B: Who is it?
A: I dont know.
A: There was a telephone call for you this
morning.
B: Who was it?
A: It was Jack.

THANK YOU