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1/23/2004
Prof. T. Dobbins
Outline
Scientific Research Method
Development of Mathematical Models
Applying these methods to completing an MS Thesis or a
Ph.D. Thesis
False
Te
st
H
yp
ot
he
si
1. Observation
True
4. Predictions
3. Testing
If the experiments prove the hypothesis to be true, it becomes a theory or law of nature. If the experiments prove the
hypothesis to be false, the hypothesis must be rejected or modified. The scientific method used properly should give us
predictive power (to understand phenomena which have not been tested).
Further reading found at http://teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu/phy_labs/AppendixE/AppendixE.html
Observation
an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving
measurement with instruments
Contains unanswered
questions which you think you
have means of addressing
Formulate Hypothesis!
Hypothesis
tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical
consequences
Example,
Hypothesis of author Anton (UTRC paper) : Ionic radius of Ti4+ enhances desorption kinetics.
Observation in Paper by Anton et al.: NaAlH4 doped with Ti4+, Ti3+ and Ti2+ have different ionic radii, but the same
rate of enhanced H2 desorption kinetics.
New Hypothesis in Paper by Anton (not tested by Anton, et al.): Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ adopt the same oxidation state
after entering the NaAlH4 structure.
Experimental Testing
to be assigned a standing or evaluation on the basis of tests 2 : to apply a test
as a means of analysis or diagnosis
Example,
New Hypothesis: Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ adopt the same oxidation state after entering the NaAlH4 structure.
Test: EXAFS Absorption spectroscopy can measure bond length and # of bonds. We may dope NaAlH4 with
Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ and measure bond length of each. If they are the same, then they have all assumed one
oxidation state after entering the structure (and we can measure this oxidation state also using EXAFS by
determining the # of bonds).
Predictions
to declare or indicate in advance; especially : foretell on the basis of
observation, experience, or scientific reason
Example,
Test: EXAFS Absorption spectroscopy can measure bond length and # of bonds. We may dope NaAlH4 with Ti2+, Ti3+
and Ti4+ and measure bond length of each. If they are the same, then they have all assumed one oxidation state
after entering the structure (and we can measure this oxidation state also using EXAFS by determining the # of
bonds).
Prediction 1: If Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ gain equivalent oxidation states after entering the structure, then the same should be
true for Co2+, Co3+, and Co4+ (or any other metal dopant).
or
Prediction 2: If Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ gain equivalent oxidation states after entering the structure via ball-milling, then the
same should be true for Ti2+, Ti3+, and Ti4+ after entering the structure via chemical precipitation from Na+,
Al3+, and Ti?+ salt solutions.
You may begin thinking about predictions as soon as you have a hypothesis,
however, if your hypothesis is proven false, your prediction will also fail!
Use mathematical model to test your prediction.
Mathematical Models
Empirical vs. Deterministic
Empirical
Deterministic
Based on experimental
observation (e.g. least squares
curve fitting, coventor MEMS
calculations, XAFS FEFF8.0
Analysis)
Examples,
Test: EXAFS Absorption spectroscopy data is in hand. Prediction 1: If Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ gain equivalent oxidation
states after entering the structure, then the same should be true for Co2+, Co3+, and Co4+ (or any other metal
dopant).
Model: We use FEFF8.0, WINXAFS to fit the XAFS equation to measured data --- varying types of neighboring
species (e.g. neighbors may be 2 Na atoms and 1 Al atom or 3 Al atoms and 1 Na atom). bond length and # of
bonds (coordination number) until we have a good fit. We did not know what environment our Ti atom was in
prior to model fitting, now, we have modeled our system to match our data. Our model is then made up of the
XAFS equation, bond lengths, and # of bonds.
Further Suggestion:
Know what has been done by others. Do not reinvent the wheel
unnecessarily!!!
Do not strive to solve all problems in the field, look for small advances in
your field.
Prepare to report results even if hypothesis fails. False hypothesis are also
advancements in science (and will save others time and money on
repeating these experiments). Failed hypothesis should also be used to
make suggestions for future directions (making you and EXPERT since you
can suggest new directions in your field!!!).
Observation
Hypothesis
Experimental Test
Prediction --- then you may STOP (You do not need to test
predictions in order to successfully write your thesis). Your thesis
should, however, include a reporting of your predictions under the
heading Suggestions for Future Work. If you complete one
iteration within 5 weeks, then you should go further.