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PENDAHULUAN
Pembentukan tanah
Debu
Batuan
induk
Bahan
induk
halus
Liat
3
lapis
Liat
2
lapis
Pasir/
Kuar
sa
Persentase
komposisi tanah
Sumur pompa
dapat
menurunkan
permukaan
groundwater
Penggunaan
tanah
untuk
mendukung
kemanusiaan.
Produksi
pangan
Produksi
serat
Siklus
Hara
Produksi
kayu
Siklus
karbon
Sumber
bahan
banguna
n
Simpana
n
air
Filtrasi
air
Buangan
limbah
Landasan
bagi
konstruksi
Struktur Tanah
Horison O, seresah
dedaunan, bahan
organik
Horison B, Zone
akumulasi
Horison R, bahan
induk yang belum
terlapuk
PROFIL TANAH
Horizon A
Zone eluviaSI
Horizon B
Zone iluviaSI
Horizon C
Bahan lapuk
Horizon D
Batuan belum
lapuk
TANAH:
Soils
DIUNDUH DARI:
Pedogenesis =
Pembentukan tanah .
smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt
ANATOMI
TANAH
Terorganisir
menjadi lima
lapisan yang
berbeda,
disebut
Horison Tanah
Horison - O
1. Characterized by in-situ
accumulation of plant
material
2. Occurs only as a surface
horizon, unless buried by
sediment
3. Tidak semua tanah
mempunyai Horison O
4. Typical of Everwet Lowlands
Kalau horison O terkubur, ia
akan menjadi sumberdaya
ekonomi berupa gambut
dan batubara
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt .
A-Horizons
1. Zone pencucian ion-ion larut,
proses eluviasi.
2. Akumulasi akar tumbuhan dan
bahan organik
3. Organic acids and chelates to
promote weathering of minerals
for plant nutrients
4. Unless an O-horizon is present, A
horizons will occur at the surface
of the soil
5. Semua tanah mempunyai Horison
A
6. Dicirikan oleh warna gelap dari
bahan organik
Horison B
1. Zone of accumulation of new and residual
minerals from chemical weathering and
physical transport (illuviation)
2. Kebanyakan tanah mempunyai horison B,
tetapi tidak semua tanah
3. Dicirikan oleh perkembangan struktur tanah
Struktur
Granuler
Struktur
Blocky
Struktur
Kolumner
Struktur
Pipih
Struktur
Prismatik
Butir-tunggal
lepas
Horison C
1. Terdiri atas bahan induk tanah
yang baru sedikit terlapuk
2. PARENT MATERIAL is rock
(igneous, metamorphic or
sedimentary) or sediment upon
which the soil forms
3. Tidak mempunyai struktur tanah,
dan sifat batuan aslinya masih
tampak
4. Hampir semua tanah mempunyai
Horison C
Horison R
} Tanah - Soil
Horison R
TERIMA KASIH
PROSES
GENESIS TANAH
. 17/2/2013
. 17/2/2013
FERRALIZATION
Pencucian hampir semua kartion
basa dan silika, destruksi
aluminosilicates dan
phyllosilicates
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Podsolisasi
Describes the process by which
fairly acid conditions
(hydrolysis) and organo-metallic
bonding (chelation) translocate
Fe and Al from the topsoil to the
subsurface B-horizons.
Proses ini menghasilkan
permukaan tanah yang
diperkaya dengan silica
(khususnya kuarsa) dengan
warna pucat..
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Kalsifikasi
Modern
California
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt .
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
SALINISASI
Ions in solution are
concentrated by evaporating
water. Cations and anions
force to combine and form
salts in the soil:
Na++Cl-<=>NaCl
Ca2++SO4=<=>CaSO4
Proses ini penting pada lahanlahan di daerah iklim Arid.
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Gleization
1. Proses ini mencerminkan reaksi
oksidasi-reduksi dalam tanah
2. Chemical reduction of elements
(mostly Fe, but also Mn) Poorly
drained, anoxic soils:
Fe3+ + e- <=> Fe2+
3. Fe2+ is a mobile valence state
for iron, and it may be
transported as a dissolved
species away from the soil
4. Proses ini menghasilkan profil
tanah yang warnanya hijua,
kelabu, dan umumnya warnawarna drab
5. Proses ini bukan merupakan
bentuk yang cepat dari
pelapukan kimiawi
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt .
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
DIUNDUH DARI:
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DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Disaggregation - Disagregasi:
Hancurnya agregat atanah.
Dispersion - Dispersi:
Proses hancurnya struktur tanah dalam air dan memisah menjadi
separat komponen-komponennya.
DIUNDUH DARI:
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DIUNDUH DARI:
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Hidration:
Penyerapan air oleh suatu senyawa dan membentuk senyawa
baru yang hanya sedikit berbeda dengan keadaan orisinalnya.
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Humification
1. Mendeskripsikan
penambahan bahan organik,
dan dekomposisi kimiawinya
menjadi dalam humus dan
asam organik
2. HUMUS merupakan material
berwarna gelap, yang
membuat tanah berwarna
hitam atau coklat
DIUNDUH DARI:
Illuviation:
Movement of material into a section of the soil profile
(literally washing into or towards); accumulation of material
washed into (e.g. sequioxides, clay minerals, organic
material)
Induration:
Pengerasan sebagian profil tanah akibat asosiasi dengan
cadas besi dan plinthite, dan dengan agen-agen semen
lainnya (Si atau Ca).
Infiltration:
The entry of water into the soil surface
Rainwater infiltrates in the soil with soluble and suspended
DIUNDUH matter.
DARI: . 17/2/2013
Lessivage:
Pergerakan mineral liat secara fisik ke arah bawah.
Leucinization (decoloration):
Pencerahan warna pada sebagian profil tanah pembentukan horison albik.
Melanization:
Darkening the color of light-colored mineral initial unconsolidated material
by mixture and accumulation of organic matter; formation of a mollic
horizon due to incorporation of organic matter.
Mineralization:
Pelepasan berbagai bentuk mineral selama dekomposisi bahan organik.
Neutralisasi: Menetralkan ion-ion H+.
Outflow:
Lessivage
1. Transport fisik material berukuran liat dari
horison permukaan ke lapisan bawah
(Translokasi)
2. Leads to reddish coloration and clay-rich
subsurface horizons
3. Iklim basah musiman
Modern
California
Argentina, 225 Million Year old
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt .
. 17/2/2013
PROSES
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Faktor-faktor aktif
Iklim
Faktor Biotik
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
Perkemban
gan tanah
dipengaruhi
oleh lima
faktor yang
saling
berkaitan:
1.organisms
,
2.topograph
y,
3.time,
4.parent
material,
and
5.climate.
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
Iklim
Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil. On the global
scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the
Kppen climatic classification systems major climatic types. At regional
and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation. Instead,
pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material,
topography, vegetation, and time. The two most important climatic
variables influencing soil formation are temperature and moisture.
Temperature has a direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to
produce mineral particles. Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase
with higher temperatures. Temperature also influences the activity of soil
microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions,
and the rate of plant growth.
Moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of
water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration. If
additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from
evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high. If the water
loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture
levels in a soil tend to be low. High moisture availability in a soil promotes
the weathering of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
growth.
IKLIM
Pelapukan secara fisika diakibatkan
oleh agen-agen mekanik, seperti
pemanasan dan pendinginan,
pembekuan dan pencairan, abrasi.
Materials are still the same at the
molecular level.
Materials are classified by the way
they have been moved or scattered
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Iklim
Pelapukan kimiawi dihasilkan dari aksi-aksi air,
oksigen, dan CO2 pada batuan induk.
CO2 yang larut dalam air hujan membentuk asam
lemah, mempercepat proses pelapukan bahan
induk.
Materials that have been chemically weathered are
no longer the same at the molecular level.
Example Clay has been synthesized into
something physically and chemically different
from the parent rock.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
ORGANISME
Living Organisms have a role in a number of processes
involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation,
profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. Under
equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with
each other through nutrient cycling.
The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely
controlled by the presence of animals and plants. Through
litterfall and the process of decomposition, organisms add
humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure
and fertility.
. 17/2/2013
Biota
Biota terdiri atas organisme hidup
seperti tumbuhan, hewan, serangga,
bakteri dan fungi.
Plants have the most important affect
because they determine the type &
amount of organic matter.
Animals & insects mix and aerate the soil
as well as add organic matter.
Vegetasi:
1. Menyediakan hyumus, mengikat
tanah dan mengimbangi perkolasi
melalui transpirasi
2. Maintain fertility
3. Different types of vegetation require
different proportions of bases.
4. Pepohonan: Sedikti Ca dan Mg
5. Rerumputan: Kaya Ca dan Mg
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
Kimiawi
Mis. Asam-asam organik
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
BAHAN INDUK
Parent Material refers to the rock and mineral
materials from which the soils develop. These
materials can be derived from residual sediment due
to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment
transported into an area by way of the erosive forces
of wind, water, or ice.
Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments
because the weathering of parent material usually
takes a long period of time. The influence of parent
material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil
texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient cycling.
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Factors of Soil
Formation
Parent Material
Chemistry
Mineralogy
Grain size
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
TOPOGRAFI RELIEF
Topografi umumnya memodifikasi perkembangan tanah
pada sekala lokal atau regional. Pedogenesis sangat
dipenngaruhi oleh efek topografi terhadap iklim mikro dan
drainage.
Soils developing on moderate to gentle slopes are often better
drained than soils found at the bottom of valleys. Good drainage
enhances an number of pedogenic processes of illuviation and
eluviation that are responsible for the development of soil
horizons. Under conditions of poor drainage, soils tend to be
immature. Steep topographic gradients inhibit the development
of soils because of erosion. Erosion can retard the development
through the continued removal of surface sediments. Soil
microclimate is also influenced by topography.
In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing slopes tend to be
warmer and drier than north facing slopes. This difference
results in the soils of the two areas being different in terms of
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Topography
Topografi mencerminkan lay of the land
atau sudut dan panjang lereng.
Topografi mempengaruhi proses
pembentukan tanah karena ia
mempengaruhi runoff, drainage, dan erosi
tanah.
It also may affect the type & amount of
plant growth (biggest factor in determining
type & amount of organic matter)
Topografi
Lereng Curam
Laju runoff sangat tinggi
Infiltrasi air hujan kurang
Lebih sedikit vegetasinya
Less organic matter
Increased erosion
Thinner surface soil
Slower formation/development
Topografi
Kemiringan yang lebih landai
Runoff lebih sedikit
Infiltrasi air hujan lebih banyak
Pertumbuhan vegetasi lebih cepat dengan
menghasilkan banyak bahan organik
Less erosion
Deeper surface soil
Faster formation/development
Excessive water can slow
development
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
WAKTU
Time influences the temporal consequences of
all of the factors described above. Many soil
processes become steady state overtime when a
soil reaches maturity.
Proses pedogenesis pada tanah-tanah muda
biasanya mengalami modifikasi aktif melalui
mekanisme umpan-balik positif dan negatif
dalam rangka mencapai kesetimbangan.
DIUNDUH DARI:
. 17/2/2013
Waktu
As soon as material has become loose
enough to hold enough water, air,
and nutrients for plant growth, it is
considered a soil.
Pembentukan / perkembangan tanah
dapat berlangsung selama beberapa
abad atau hanya beberapa hari saja.
Waktu
Tanah-tanah Muda
Asalnya dari bahan vulkanik atau aluvial
Mempunyai kesuburan lebih baik
Profil tanah belum berkembang lanjut
Usually they are highly productive.
Where are the youngest soils in
Louisiana located?
Waktu
Tanah-tanah Tua
1. Profil tanah berkembang dnegan baik
2. Kandungan liatnya meningkat semakin
tinggi
3. pH tanah lebih masam
4. Nutrients are leached
5. Lower fertility & productivity than
younger soils.
PROSES-PROSES
PEDOGENIK
Cummulization
Littering
Melanization - Melanisasi
Penambahan ke tanah
Input dari luar ekosistem
Input dari atmosfir
Precipitation, dust, deposition
Input Horisontal
Floods, tidal exchange, erosion, landwater movement
Input dari dalam ekosistem
Seresah dedaunan dan akar-akar yang
mati turnover
Pencucian
Pencucian atau eluviasi material terlarut
dari solum tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ..
Kalsifikasi
Dekalsifikasi
Salinization
Desalinization
Alkalization (solonization)
Dealkalization (solodization)
Leucinization
Gleization
Podzolization (silication)
The chemical migration of silica out of the soil solum and thus the
concentration of sesquioxides in the solum (goethite, gibbsite, etc.)
Transformations
Decomposition
Mineralization
Humification
DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt
DIUNDUH
Synthesis
..
Paludization:
Akumulasi bahan organik dalam lapisan
tebal (> 30 cm) sebagai mucks dan
peats.
Ripening
Perubahan tanah organik secara kimiawi,
biologis dan fisik setelah udara
menembus deposit organik, sehingga
memungkinkan aktivitas mikroba
berlangsung intensif.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ..
Transformasi
Decomposition of organic matter
Breakdown to form soluble compounds that can be
absorbed leached away
Depends on input quantity, location (roots, leaves),
environment (temp & precip)
Proses-proses Pedogenesis
Setiap proses pedogenesis dapat mempengaruhi
banyak senyawa dan komponen penyusun tanah.
Misalnya, proses-proses penambahan, kehilangan,
transfer, dan transformasi bahan organik, garam larut,
karbonat dan sesquioksida.
Organic matter may be added to the soil by littering; it
may be transformed by decomposition; it may be
translocated by podzolization and it may be lost by
erosion.
These processes can all be going on singly or in
combination with other processes to give rise to the
soil profile.
However, not all of the processes will necessarily
promote horizon differentiation.
Some of the processes may actually retard or offset
differentiation e.g. pedoturbation.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ..
Peranan relatifnya
beragam
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ..
Soil
Saprolit
e
Profil Tanah
Suite of horizons at a given locality