GSM 3G LTE RF Optimization Course - v1

GSM/WCDMA - HSPA+/LTE RF
Optimization Course
Date: Feb 2016
Copyright 2015 LCC. All rights reserved.
LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442
Delivering Value. Together 1
Cellular Mobile Evolution
Reference: www.3gpp.org
GSM/UMTS/LTE Network Architecture and Interfaces
Network Evolution process
Network Quality of Service (QoS)
Network RF Optimization Flowchart

Start
Preparation:
Set the optimization targets
Divide the optimization Areas
Draw out the test route line
Prepare the DT tools
Data Collection and Analysis

Drive test
Site configuration, Parameters
OSS KPIs
The DT result is satisfied

with KPI optimization target?
Ye
s
RF Optimization
finished
Adjustments:
Physical parameters
adjustment
Parameters adjustment
Neighbor cell list
adjustment
Problem Analysis and troubleshooting
N
neighbor cell list
o
poor coverage
cell overshooting/overlapping
pilot pollution
handover
interference
Congestion
Network Optimization Methods
GSM RF Optimization
GSM RF Optimization Process

Problem Analysis
Analyzing performance retrieve tool reports and statistics for the worst performing BSCs and/or Sites
Viewing Reports for BSC/Site performance trends
Examining Planning tool Coverage predictions
Analyzing previous drive test data
Discussions with local engineers to prioritize problems
Checking Customer Complaints reported to local engineers
Checks Prior to Action
Cluster definitions by investigating BSC borders, main cities, freeways, major roads
Investigating customer distribution, customer habits (voice/data usage)
Running specific traces on Network to categorize problems
Checking trouble ticket history for previous problems
Checking any fault reports to limit possible hardware problems prior to test
Drive Testing & OSS KPI for Root cause investigation
Preparing Action Plan Defining drive test routes

Collecting Drive logs & OSS KPIs with relevant Sub counters
Scanning frequency spectrum for possible interference sources
Redriving questionable data
GSM RF Optimization Process Cont.

Subjects to Investigate
Nonworking sites/sectors or TRXs

Inactive Radio network features like frequency hopping
Disabled GPRS
Overshooting sites coverage overlaps
Coverage holes
C/I, C/A analysis
High Interference Spots
Drop Calls
Capacity Problems
Other Interference Sources
Missing Neighbors
Oneway neighbors
PingPong Handovers
Not happening handovers
Accessibility and Retain-ability of the Network
Equipment Performance
Faulty Installations

Recommendations
Defining missing neighbor relations
Proposing new sites or sector additions with Before & After coverage plots
Proposing antenna azimuth changes
Proposing antenna tilt changes
Proposing antenna type changes
BTS Equipment Check
Retuning of interfered frequencies
BSIC changes
Adjusting Handover margins
Adjusting accessibility parameters (RX Lev Acc Min, etc..)
Changing power parameters
Attenuation Adds/Removals
MHA/TMA adds
Other optimization issues

Verifying performance of new sites
Verifying propagation model by importing DTI scan files to Planet (any Analyzer)
Periodic consistency checks
Frequency planning check
Analyzing power control parameters
Analyzing frequency hopping parameters (HSN, MAIO)
Implementing/analyzing optional features
Benchmarking
Major GSM Problem Investigations
General Causes Affecting Rx Quality (RxQual)

Major cause behind Bad Rx Quality during the call is
Interference:
Due to close Frequency re-use, Co-Channel interference reduce C/I and Hence
RxQuality.
Due to Missing neighbor, call is dragging on poor service cell and after
sometime it will suffer from interference.
Due to Hardware issues.
Due to Congestion issue, sometime the target cell is strong but doesnt have
free resources to take the handover, so call will drag in serving cell and it will
suffer from interference.
General Causes Affecting Paging Success Rate
General Causes Affecting LAU Success Rate
General Causes Affecting SDCCH Congestion
General Causes Affecting TCH Congestion Rate
General Causes Affecting TCH drop rate
General Causes Affecting Handover Success rate
GSM Traffic Balance Optimization
Physical Optimization: minimize the cell overlapping/overshooting for the cells

which are congested with the following actions:
Antenna M/E down tilt/Up tilt

Azimuth
Antenna height
Multi Band Cell Implementation: Traffic balance between (900 -> 1800) within
same site.
Traffic balance between (900 -> 900 and 1800 -> 1800) with neighboring non
congested cells.
TRX Shifting between (900 -> 900 and 1800 -> 1800) within neighboring non
congested cells.
Parameter Optimization such as CRO, RXLEVACCMIN, Max TX POWER etc
GSM Traffic Optimization Parameters/features

Traffic Balancing
Parameters/Features
Accmin
C1
C2
Description
Minimum received signal level in dBm at the MS for permission to access the system
C1 = (rxlev ACCMIN) max (CCHPWR P, 0)
The MS camps on the cell providing the highest positive C1. CCHPWR is MS power which may use in
UL
C2 = C1 + CRO TO * H(PT T) for fast moving mobiles
C2 = C1 CRO for normal mobiles
CRO, TO, and PT are broadcast on the BCCH of each cell. The cell reselection process employs a
quantity C2 for GSM phase 2 MSs, which depends on these parameters (GSM 03.22). GSM phase 1
MSs use the quantity C1 for cell reselection instead, i.e. these mobiles do not experience an offset.
CRO
Cell Reselection Offset as given above
PT
TO
CBQ
CB
Cell Load Sharing
Penalty Timer
Temporary offset
Cell Barred Qualify
Cell Barred
Cell load is shared based on % Available FR TCHs
Different Codec rates for both HR & FR, it maintains the quality of call as well as high congestion
improvement
Change SDCCH/8 to TCH & vice versa in the cell depending on the demand for such channels based
on congestion
Multiband Cell implementation will balance traffic nicely between 900 & 1800 cells of the same site
and also increases the site capacity with very less neighbor definitions
AMR
Adaptive configuration of
Logical Channels
Multi Band Cell
Implementation
WCDMA RF Optimization
3G WCDMA Wide CDMA

Power (P)
CDMA
Power
Tim
e
eq
Fr
y
nc
e
u
Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
TDMA
Codes
Power
FDMA
Tim
e
e
qu
e
r
F
Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er
Power
Tim
e
Time
cy
en
u
eq
Fr
y
nc
Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
Frequency
Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
3G WCDMA Technology
Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
User A P
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps

Frame length: 10ms
Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive MultiRate)
Data
QPSK/QPSK
Fast closed loop power control:
1500Hz
Uplink/downlink modulation:
User B
Data after
spreading
f
Transmission
over the air
Handover: soft/hard handover
f
Despread
User
User BA signal
signal
at the receiver
UMTS Structure-Basic
Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Soft/Softer/IRAT HO
Softer handover
-two cells within the same RBS in Active Set
Cell B
Cell C
Soft/Softer handover
-three cells in Active Set
Cell A
Single Link
Soft handover
-two cells from different RBS in Active Set
Inter RAT Handover
The UE measured the CPICH Signal strenght (RSCP) and quality (Ec/No) to
determine which cell to add in the active set
Using the WCDMA Frequency
Add and remove from active set is based on relative measurments
Using the GSM Frequency
WCDMA Coverage
GSM Coverage
Road
WCDMA Optimization Basic

RF optimization based on Drive test & OSS KPIs includes the following aspects:
Coverage optimization
Pilot pollution optimization
Handover optimization
RF Coverage Problem Analysis

Coverage Analysis Processes:
Downlink Coverage Analysis
Analyzing Pilot Coverage Strength
Analyzing Pilot Coverage quality
Analyzing Primary Pilot Cell
Analyzing comparison of UE and Scanner Coverage
Uplink Coverage Analysis

Analyzing Uplink Interference
Analyzing distribution of UE Transmit Power
Page29

Downlink coverage analysis - Pilot Coverage Strength Analysis
Check areas of poor coverage, suggestion value as below:
Good: RSCP -85 dBm
Fair: -95 dBm RSCP < -85 dBm
Poor: RSCP < -95 dBm
Mark the areas with weak coverage or common seamless coverage of large areas for further analysis
Downlink coverage analysis - Pilot Coverage quality Analysis

Ec/Io plot should also be analysed based on the thresholds :
Good: Ec/Io -8 dB
Fair: -14 dB Ec/Io < -8 dB
Poor: Ec/Io < - 14 dB
Areas of poor Ec/Io should be highlighted for further investigation
Page30

Downlink coverage analysis - Pilot Coverage Strength Analysis
Page31

Downlink coverage analysis - Analyzing Primary Pilot Cell:
Page32

Cell primary pilot analysis is analyzing cell scramble information obtained in DT
The content to be checked include :
Weak coverage cell
Cross-cell coverage cell
No primary pilot cell
Page33

Page34
Uplink coverage analysis:
Uplink coverage analysis is analyzing UE transmit power obtained in DT.

The quality standards of UE transmit power must be combined with optimization standards.
Assume the optimization indexes of UE transmit power as below:
UE_Tx_Power 10 dBm
>= 95%
The test result of voice service by test

handset. Assume the maximum transmit
power of UE is 21 dBm
The defined corresponding quality standards are:
Good if UE_Tx_Power 0 dBm
Fair if 0 dBm < UE_Tx_Power 10 dBm
Poor if UE_Tx_Power > 10 dBm
Page35
Uplink - Distribution of UE Transmit Power:
The distribution of UE transmit power reflects the distribution of uplink interference and
uplink path loss
The distribution of UE transmit power

Page36
Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis

Pilot Pollution Definition - Judgment Standards :
-60
Margin
RSCP (dBm)
-65
-70
-75
-62
-63
-80
-64
-66
-67
-85
-81
-90
SC1
SC2
Active Set
SC3
SC4
SC5
Pilot Pollution
SC6
Not
Pilot Pollution
Page37

Pilot Pollution Definition - Estimated Active Set Size Example :
Page38

Causes of Pilot Pollution :
Improper Cell Distribution

Over High NodeB or Highly-mounted Antenna
Improper Antenna Azimuth
Improper Antenna Down Tilt
Improper PICH Power
Influence of Pilot Pollution :
Pilot pollution causes the following network problems:

Ec/Io Deterioration
Call Drop Due to Handover
Capacity Decline
Solutions of Pilot Pollution :

Antenna Adjustment
PCPICH Power Adjustment
Using RRU or Micro Cells
Page39
Handover Problem Analysis

By adjusting RF parameters ,we can Control the size and location of handover
areas ,then we can eliminate handover call drop due to sharp fluctuation and
increase handover success rate.
During RF optimization stage, the involved handover problem include:
Neighbor cell optimization
Controlling SHO Factor
Page40
Handover Problem Analysis - Neighbor cell optimization

During RF optimization stage, missing neighbor cell is a key problem. The neighbor cell
optimization includes adding and removing neighbor cells
Add: Missing neighbors
Remove: These neighbors that were not measured but are in the neighbor list.
Neighbor cell optimization can be analyzed by :

Scanner Data
UE Data Analysis
We can Compare the active set Ec/Io distribution diagram measured by UE and that
measured by scanner
The spots with missing neighbor cells has a poor Ec/Io measured by UE and a strong Ec/Io
scanned by scanner
Page41
RF Analysis Approaches Neighbor List

Controlling SHO Factor
If the SHO Factor is large, decrease or change the handover areas by using the following methods for
shrinking coverage areas:

Increase the down tilt
Adjust azimuth
Decrease the antenna height
Decrease the PICH power
Page42
WCDMA Optimization - Advanced

Preparations
Accessibility
Retainability
Consistency
Check
Idle mode
Parameters
Neighbours
Scrambling Codes
Random Access Neighbour Relations Throughput
Statistics
Counter types
Profiles
Counter Activation
HO Performance
Integrity
RRC Connection
BLER
SF Usage
NAS
RAB Assignments
Alarms
Cell availability
Call Setup Success rate
RRC Setup success rate
RAB Setup success rate
Abnormal release
(drop)-CS/R99/HSPA
Soft HOSR
IRAT HOSR
BLER
Throughput(Kbps)
Code Usage
WCDMA Major OSS KPIs
KPI
CSSR%
Drop Call Rate%
Call Attempts(in Millions)
Coverage/Quality/
Availability/Capac
ity/Usage
Considerations
Payload(GB)
Handover Succ Rate%

Downtime(Hrs)
Avg User Thrpt(Kbps)
RRC+RAB Rejects
CSSR-HSDPA
CSSR-HSUPA
CSSR-Rel99
CSSR-Voice
DCR-HSDPA
DCR-HSUPA
DCR-Rel99
DCR-Voice
CS Video Call Att
CS Voice Call Att
HSDPA Estab Att
HSUPA Estab Att
Rel99 Estab Att
DL Payload HSDPA(GB)
DL Payload R99(GB)
DL Payload Signalling(GB)
DL Payload Voice(GB)
UL Payload HSUPA(GB)
UL Payload R99(GB)
UL Payload Signalling(GB)
UL Payload Video(GB)
UL Payload Voice(GB)
SOFT HOSR
3G-2G HOSR
Downtime
HSDPA_Avg Thrpt_per user(kbps)
HSUPA_Avg Thrpt_per user(Kbps)
R99_Avg Thrpt_per user(DL) kbps
RRC+RAB DL CE Reject
RRC+RAB DL Code Reject
RRC+RAB DL Power Reject
RRC+RAB Iub Reject
WCDMA Performance analysis
General Causes of 3G Bad Quality (Ec/No)

1) Poor Coverage
2) Pilot Pollution
3) Improper PSC Planning
4) Missing Neighbors
5) UL interference
6) UE Tx Power (UL Coverage)
7) Dead spot (No Coverage)
8) Coverage overlapping
9) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
10) Inverted Sectors / Cross Feeders
11) Hardware issue
General Causes of 3G Low CSSR%

1) Missing Neighbors.
2) Poor Coverage.
3) Pilot Pollution / Spillover.
4) Poor Cell Reselection.
5) Core Network Issues.
6) Non availability of resources.
7) Admission Control denies.
8) Hardware Issues.
9) Improper RACH Parameters.
10) External Interference.
General Causes of 3G Drop call(CS/PS)

1) Poor Coverage (DL / UL).
2) Pilot Pollution / Pilot Spillover.
3) Missing Neighbor.
4) Scrambling Code Collisions.
5) Delayed Handovers.
6) No resource availability (Congestion).
7) Loss of Synchronization.
8) Hardware Issues.
9) External Interference
General Causes of IRAT failures

1) Missing 2G relations.
2) Non availability of 2G Resources.
3) Poor 2G Coverage.
4) Missing 3G Relations
High Speed Downlink Packet Access - HSDPA
SPEED
Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps
CAPACITY
2 3 times improved system throughput
REDUCED DELAY
Reduced round trip time
STANDARDIZED
Smooth Upgrade
Integral part of WCDMA (3GPP Release 5)
Short time to market with existing sites
HSDPA Basic Principles

P
Dynamic Power Allocation

Efficient power &
spectrum utilisation
Shared Channel Transmission

Dynamically shared in time & code
domain
Fast Hybrid ARQ with

Soft Combining
Reduced round trip delay
Higher-order Modulation
16QAM in complement to QPSK for
higher peak bit rates
Fast Radio Channel

Dependent Scheduling
Fast Link Adaptation

Data rate adapted to radio
conditions on 2 ms time basis
2 ms
Short TTI (2 ms)
Scheduling of users on 2 ms time

basis
Reduced round trip delay
HSDPA Dynamic Power Allocation

3GPP Release 99
3GPP Release 5
Power
Power
Used for HSDPA

Total cell power
Total cell power
Unused power
Dedicated channels (power controlled)
Common channels
Common channels
t
Power usage with dedicated channels
Dedicated channels (power controlled)
t
Power usage with dedicated channels
3.5G (HSPA+)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony
protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing
WCDMA protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future.
Why DC-HSDPA?
DC-HSDPA Vs MIMO
LTE RF Optimization
4G (LTE)
High data rates
Downlink: >100 Mbps
Uplink: >50 Mbps
Cell-edge data rates
2-3 x HSPA Rel. 6 (16QAM, no MIMO, no DC)
Low delay/latency
User plane RTT: <10 ms

Channel set-up: <100 ms
High spectral efficiency
Targeting 3 x HSPA Rel. 6
High Performance Broadcast services
LTE features
OFDM Radio Technology
OFDM
SC-FDMA
Multi-antenna transmission
TX
TX
Spectrum flexibility
1.4
Simplicity
10
15
FDD
20 MHz
TDD
SON
IP transport
LTE Vs HSPA+
HSDPA +
LTE
Architecture
NodeB RNC CN
eNodeB EPC
Transport
Mixed ATM & IP All IP
All IP
Bandwidth Support
5MHz 10MHz (DC 2x5MHz)
1.4 3 5 10 15 20MHz
Radio Bearers
CS, PS (RACH/FACH, DCH, HSDSCH, E-DCH)
PS only PDSCH/PUSCH
UE States
Detached, Idle, URA_PCH,

CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH
Detached, Idle, Active
LTE Architecture
IP networks
GGSN/MPG (P/S-GW)
SGSN/MME
EPC
BSC
RNC
Data
WCDMA
Signaling
LTE
MME = Mobility Management Entity

MPG = Mobile Packet Gateway
P/S-GW = PDN/Serving gateway
LTE Access Technique

Frequency
Division
Multiple
Access
frequency
Time
Division
Multiple
Access
tim
e
time
frequency
Each User has a unique
frequency
All users transmit at the

same time
Each User has a unique

time slot
Several users share the

same frequency
IS-136, GSM, PDC
AMPS, NMT, TACS
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiple
Access
Code
Division
Multiple
Access
Each Transmitter has a

unique
Scrambling Code
Each Data Channel has a
unique Channelization
code
Many users share the
same frequency and time
IS-95, cdma2000,
frequency
Each User and each channel
has a unique
Time and Frequency
Resource
Many users are separated in
frequency and/or time
LTE, Wimax
(WLAN 802.11a,g, DAB radio)
WCDMA
Multiple Antenna Techniques

MIMO
TX
RX
MIMO Improves speed & capacity
TxDiv
TX
RX
TxDiv
Improves speed at cell edge
SIMO
TX
RX
All LTE Terminals

Support RxDiv
Path loss /
Distance from RBS
UE States in LTE & Mobility
LTE Coverage & Quality Indicators

RSRP,RSRQ,CINR
RSRP is Reference signal Received power
RSRP mainly affected by MIMO use, PA Power, Power boost & Pathloss.
Assumptions/Formula:
- BW = 5 MHz
- PCPICH power as 10% of PA power = 33dBm
- PA Power = 43 dBm with MIMO 2x2 in DL
- Same Pathloss in UL/DL for WCDMA & LTE
- RS Power with Power Boost = 18.2 dBm
- RSRP=RSCP-(PCPICH power - RS Power)

RSRP Calculated Vs RSCP = RSCP-(33-18.2) => RSCP 14.8(dBm)
Poor RSRP: New site needs to be planned else Site Optimization required
RSRQ is Reference Signal Received Quality
Definition: RSRQ = N x RSRP / RSSI [N = # PRB]
RSRQ is mainly dependent on RSRP, BW & load in own and external
cells
The maximum value of RSRQ is -3 dB, and the lower practical limit is
around -20 dB
RSRQ can be Poor if RSRP is poor or DL loading is High
CINR is Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio.

CINR is mainly dependent on RSRP, MIMO Configuration, &
Interference due to High load.
Poor CINR can mainly be due to Low RSRP & High
Interference/Load in DL.
LTE PCI
Group #0
Group #1
Group #2
Group #167
PCI0
PCI3
PCI6
PCI501
PCI1 PCI2
PCI4 PCI5
PCI7 PCI8
PCI502 PCI503
PSS signal
3 different sequences called Physical-Layer Identities (0-2)
Nin(2)3GPP. Parameter: PhysicalLayerSubCellId
ID
SSS signal
168 different sequences called Physical-Layer Cell-Identity groups (0-167)
Parameter: PhysicalLayerCellIdGroup
Nin(1)3GPP.
ID
Physical Cell Identity

cell
(1)
(2)
N ID
3 N ID
N ID
LTE Call flow & measurements(1)
Default EPS bearer Activation for LTE is used in similar context with PDP Context activation in
WCDMA here and the measurement flow is shown below
UE
eNB
MME/SGW
RANDOM ACCESS PREAMBLE

RANDOM ACCESS RESPONSE
RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP
SRB1
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE
(PDN_CONNECTIVITY_REQUEST, ATTACH REQUEST)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (IDENTITY REQUEST)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (IDENTITY RESPONSE)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (SECURITY MODE COMMAND)
INITIAL UE MESSAGE
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (IDENTITY REQUEST)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (IDENTITY RESPONSE)
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE)
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (SECURITY MODE COMMAND)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (SECURITY MODE COMPLETE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (SECURITY MODE COMPLETE)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (ESM INFORMATION REQUEST)
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (ESM INFORMATION REQUEST)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (ESM INFORMATION RESPONSE)

SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (ESM INFORMATION RESPONSE)

INITIAL_CONTEXT_SETUP_REQUEST
(ACTIVATE_DEFAULT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_REQUEST, ATTACH ACCEPT)
SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE
Default EPS Bearer

Activation Success rate
UE CAPABILITY ENQUIRY
UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION
SRB2 &
DRB3
RRC_CONNECTION_RECONFIGURATION
UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION INDICATION
ATTACH ACCEPT, (ACTIVATE_DEFAULT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_REQ)

RRC_CONNECTION_RECONFIGURATION_COMPLETE
INITIAL_CONTEXT_SETUP_RESPONSE
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER
(ACTIVATE_DEFAULT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_ACCEPT, ATTACH COMPLETE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT
ERAB Establishment Success rate
RRC Connection Success rate
RRC Connection Success rate & ERAB Establishment success rate

are 2 KPIs recommended for Accessibility for drive test KPI.
UE
eNB
MME/SGW
RANDOM ACCESS PREAMBLE

RANDOM ACCESS RESPONSE
RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP
SRB1
INITIAL UE MESSAGE
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (IDENTITY REQUEST)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (IDENTITY REQUEST)

UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (IDENTITY RESPONSE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (IDENTITY RESPONSE)

DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE)
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (SECURITY MODE COMMAND)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (SECURITY MODE COMMAND)

UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (SECURITY MODE COMPLETE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (SECURITY MODE COMPLETE)
DL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (ESM INFORMATION REQUEST)
DOWNLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (ESM INFORMATION REQUEST)
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER (ESM INFORMATION RESPONSE)
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT (ESM INFORMATION RESPONSE)

INITIAL_CONTEXT_SETUP_REQUEST
(ACTIVATE_DEFAULT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_REQUEST, ATTACH ACCEPT)
SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND
SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE
UE CAPABILITY ENQUIRY
UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION
SRB2 &
DRB3
UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION INDICATION
RRC_CONNECTION_RECONFIGURATION
ATTACH ACCEPT, (ACTIVATE_DEFAULT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_REQ)
RRC_CONNECTION_RECONFIGURATION_COMPLETE
INITIAL_CONTEXT_SETUP_RESPONSE
UL_INFORMATION_TRANSFER
UPLINK_NAS_TRANSPORT
LTE drive test KPIs - Sample

DL data Default EPS Bearer Succ rate%
Voice CSSR%
Voice Call SetupTime (Mobile Originated)
Voice Call SetupTime (Mobile Terminated)
Call SetupTime DL Data call
Call drop rate%
DL data call Handover Succ rate%
DL Thrpt(Mbps)
UL Thrpt(Mbps)
Ping RTT(ms)
% On air sites
Good Coverage%(>xxdBm)
Bad Coverage%(<xxdBm)
LTE OSS KPIs - Sample
LTE Vs. LTE-Advanced
LTE RF Optimization
Detecting interference using field measurements

Detecting interference and bad coverage from counters
Detecting overshooting cells
PCI optimization
Impact of interference on LTE network performance
importance of physical RF optimization
Impact of network load
MIMO X-feeders
Detecting interference using field measurements

RSRP measurement with scanner is the most reliable way to
detect areas with possible interference problems and bad
dominance
Not impacted by network load
RSRP measurement appears to be consistent between UEs/scanners
The number of PCIs in e.g. 10 dB power window is a useful indicator
From drive test with test terminal.

Serving PCI vs. Top N PCIs
Less than 5dB difference to the serving PCI can be considered a potential
interferer.
A common rule for antenna tilt optimization consideration: 3 or more PCIs
inside 5dB window
Detecting interference and bad coverage from counters

PUSCH RSSI and PUSCH SINR measurement can be used to
detect UL coverage and UL interference problems
CQI can be used for DL interference detection
Detecting overshooting cells

Cells with too large or largely distributed dominance area.
Will cause increased interference to other cells
Can collect excessive amount of traffic.
How to detect overshooting cells?
Drive tests
Analyzing HO performance and neighbor cell measurements from drive test logs.
Counters
Cell pair HO analysis with inter site distance information. Indicating HOs to cells with
long inter site distance.
PCI Optimization
Avoid using the same PCIs within the same site and as neighbors
[High priority]
Avoid using conflicting Physical-Layer Identity (
) values within the
same site and adjacent facing sectors.
Avoid using conflicting Physical-Layer Cell-Identity group (same
)
within the same site and as neighbors.
Avoid using conflicting PCI mod30 values within the same site and as
neighbors.
The following 2 EUtranCellFDD parameters control the PCI:

physicalLayerSubCellId
physicalLayerCellIdGroup
PCI = 3x physicalLayerCellIdGroup + physicalLayerSubCellId
Collision: cells neighbors
or neighbors neighbors
have the same PCI
Confusion: direct
neighbors have the same
PCI
Impact of interference on LTE network

DL load Impact
Single user throughput, 0%, 100% load, DL TCP
50
Ave Phy DL Tput (Mbps), SINR (dB)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Max of Tput
mobility 0% DL
Max of SINR
Max of Tput
Max of SINR
mobility 100% DL
Impact of interference on LTE network

X-feeders analysis
Using Drive Test PCI Check: A dominance plot, showing
the PCIs measured by the scanner during the drive test is

the best method to identify these cases. The Figure
shows an example of swapped feeders between sectors 2
(light green) and 3 (turquoise) in site 36431. The scanner
is measuring sector 3 in the area where the dominant
should be sector 2 and vice versa. If there are crossed
feeders then the PCIs between sectors are swapped, the
sectors just appear swapped over.
Using Counters & Statistics: Degradation of KPIs like
Throughput, Drop rate, RSSI,HO Statistics etc. is
expected for the affected Cells. HO Counters/Stats can
be used for finding Cross Feeders.
GSM&/WCDMA
- Ant
LTE Sec1
- Ant
LTE Sec2/3
- Ant
LTE Complete Cross Feeder
Sample
GSM&WCDMA
- BTS
BTS
-LTE
LTE Coverage / Quality Ranges and Target - Sample
Legends for RSRP

Poor RSRP
Legends for CINR

Poor CINR
Legends for DL Throughput
ANR(Automated Neighbor Relation)

Automated Neighbor Relation (ANR) builds up and maintains
a neighbor list used for handover.
ANR feature adds neighbor relations to the cells when UE
measurement reports indicate that a possible new neighbor
relationship has been identified. ANR also sets up, maintains and
removes X2 connections between the cells.
Therefore maintenance is reduced and the performance of

the network is imporoved.
The feature also reduces dropped call due to missing neighbors,
when a site is down, since ANR will detect unused neighbors
ANR Function
The UE reports neighbor
measurement; PCI=5.
Cell A concludes that PCI=5 is not
known.
Cell A orders the UE to read CGI for
Cell B.
The UE reads and reports CGI
broadcast for Cell B. A neighbor cell is
added and handover can be done.
The RBS checks if X2 is allowed to the
RBS where Cell B is contained.
The RBS gets the IP address for the
target RBS from DNS or through S1
configuration transfer. More information
can be found in X2 Configuration
X2 is established.
Cell A updates OSS-RC and
observation data.
LTE DL Throughput Troubleshooting
Thank you
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GSM 3G LTE RF Optimization Course - v1

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GSM/WCDMA - HSPA+/LTE RF

Copyright 2015 LCC. All rights reserved.

LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 1

Cellular Mobile Evolution

LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 2

GSM/UMTS/LTE Network Architecture and Interfaces

Copyright 2015 LCC. All rights reserved.

LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 3

Network Evolution process

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 4

Network Quality of Service (QoS)

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Delivering Value. Together 5

Network RF Optimization Flowchart

Data Collection and Analysis

The DT result is satisfied

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 6

Network Optimization Methods

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Delivering Value. Together 7

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 8

GSM RF Optimization Process

Checks Prior to Action

Drive Testing & OSS KPI for Root cause investigation

Preparing Action Plan Defining drive test routes

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 9

GSM RF Optimization Process Cont.

Nonworking sites/sectors or TRXs

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 10

GSM RF Optimization Process Cont.

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LCC Ref No: ET_LCC:15_442

Delivering Value. Together 11

GSM RF Optimization Process Cont.

Other optimization issues

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Delivering Value. Together 12

Major GSM Problem Investigations

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General Causes Affecting Rx Quality (RxQual)

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Delivering Value. Together 14

General Causes Affecting Paging Success Rate

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