Character & Life Cycle of Microbes

Ni Made Mertaniasih
Microbiology Department
Medical Faculty UNAIR

TERMINOLOGY
INVASION :
The process of the microbes entry to the host
INFECTION
:
Microbes in the cells or tissue , multiplication;
produce inflammation reaction/ immune
response of the host
(active infection, latent infection, sub clinic
infection, asymptomatic infection)

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
:
Clinical manifestation of tissue injury/
tissue necrotic or abnormality of structure
and function of cells or tissue that were
produced of infection process
(+ symptoms, +signs, +syndromes)

The Character of Microbes

Non pathogens
Pathogens

In the surface of the body of human or animal

& environment , abundants with many of non
pathogens or pathogens
Bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasite

Pathogens Microbes
have the ability to produce the disease,
have the character:
Adherence
invasiveness to the cells sel & tissue
Transmissibility
Toxigenicity ( toxin producing)
evade mechanism

PATHOGENS
VIRULENCE FACTORS determine
the degree of Pathogenicity
to survive & multiplication in the host

The Virulence Factors :

1. ADHERENCE
have the molecule that able to adherence to the
receptor molecule at cell membrane of mucous
epithelial cells/ blood cells/ endothelial cells/
tissue cells ! In the first step of the infection
process, for developing micro colonies, and the
next step of infection process or pathogenesis.
e.g. Pilli, Fimbriae, other adhesin mulecules at
the surface of bacterial cell wall ; spike of
envelope virus

2. INVASION FACTORS
invasive to intracellular & tissue.
adhesin molecules to induce the reaction
that induce inhalant process of the cells
invagination to produce vacuole in
cyitoplasm.
3. TRANSMISSION FACTORS
Spreading into the tissue
Proteolitic enzyme : Hyaluronidase, etc

4. producing TOXINS
EXOTOXIN :
Diphtheria toxin, tetanospasmin, botulinum toxin,
alpha toxin, pyrogenic exotoxin, choleraetoxin
(Enterotoxin).
---- target cell destruction

ENDOTOXIN

LPS (Lipopolysaccharides), especially Gram

negative bacteria (when bacterial cells lysis)
Peptidoglycan (Gram positive)
Induce inflammation reaction through Complement
activation

5. PRODUCING ENZYME
Destroy the cells or tissue
Coagulase, Collagenase, Lecithinase,
Hyaluronidase, Streptokinase, Hemolysin,
Leukocidin, Fibrinolysin, Streptokinase
Ig A1 Protease
Inactivation to Ig A1 at surface of mucous
membrane

6. ANTI PHAGOSITIC FACTORS

Capsule, WAXD/ muramic acid
Protein A, Protein M

6. INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENICITY
evade mechanism - inhibit
Fusion of Phago -lyzosome --- live/ survive
in cytoplasm

8. ANTIGENIC HETEROGENEITY
Surface membrane molecule structure of
microbe cells the ability to expression
antigenic protein with heterogeneity structure
Frequent shifts-antigenic form of antigen
protein at microbe cell surface - always
change so difficult to recognize with immune
response/ escape from immune response

9. Ferrous needed
! The role in cell metabolism for microbe growth,
competitive with the host cell metabolism the
needed of iron free (Fe3+)

10. Ability to make BIOFILM

Aggregation of microbes, interactioncommunication inter cells, adhere to solid
phase, membraneous form that be produced
of exopolysaccharide matrix.
1 species / >1 species
! Persistent and difficult to achieved by
immune response, and difficult to achieved
by anti microbe.

NORM FLORA
Population of microbes habitate the surface of
the body, skin & mucous membrane, always,
many kinds, million of microbes); normally no
cause infectious disease.
at the surface of skin, cavum nasi,
nasopharynx, cavum oris, gastro intestinal
tract, genitourinary tract (vagina, urethra
externa)

 Resident flora : commensal microbes

a long wtith host alive, specific microbes
persistent as resident flora in the surface of the
body, determined location & aged . especially
non pathogens , more than > pathogen (the
pathogen especially in carrier host).
Transient flora
live in the surface of the body transiently, hour/
day or week; non pathogens/ potential
pathogens; in a little amount.
Imbalance of normo flora transient flora/
pathogens colonization and produce tissue
injury or infectious disease

The role of Norm Flora

inhibit colonization of pathogens :
competitive to adherence site of host
cells.
competitive of nutrition
Inhibition of growth/ anti microbes
Producing of vitamin
helping host absorbtion of nutrition

Life Cycle of Microbes

>> million - billion microbes in the
environment (soli, air, water, things)
hundrids million adhere in the surface of
the body of human or animal, life &
multiplication, able to entry/ invasive into
cell surface or tissue.

Initialy with contact to or ingestive mix with

food/ drinks, inhalant, things/ equipment --the adhesin molecules/ Pilli/ fimbriae --adhere to the receptor molecules at
membrane cell of the host (portentry)

Other way, initially with perforate by

vehicle/ vector at the surface of the body
--microbes directly through into the
tissue

Non Pathogen microbes

Able to adhere at the surface of the body
symbiosis-mutualistic / - commensal
Able to colonization ( norm flora )
Pathogens Non Invasive
Adhere to surface molecule of epithel cells of
mucous membrane colonization secretion
of toxin/ enzyme tissue/ cell injury.
! Every step of infection process --- stimulate
immune response

Pathogen invasive
extracellular
Interaction adherence adhesin molecule
of microbe with receptor molecule of host
induce reaction internalization into epithel
cell of mucous membrane invasive into
soft tissue in sub mucous multiplication
inflammation tissue injury/ necrotic
(especially in immune compromized)

Pathogen intracellular
invasive, or perforate (needle, bitearthropoda) into soft tissue adhere to
host cell receptor / target cells
(Trophism/Predelection) interaction
internalization entry into cytoplasma of
target cells (intracellular : obligate/ non
obligate) stimulate the reaction of cellular
immunity (DTH) tissue injury/ necrotic
(immune compromized)

pathogen intracellular/ extracellular able to

invasive localized in the soft tissue of sub
mucous or could be able transmission to
the tissue surrounding or transmission into
blood stream

Microbes in blood stream

Bacteremia
Viremia
Systemic mycosis
Paracitemia

Response/ inflammation
(Systemic inflammatory
response syndromes = SIRS)
Sepsis

could transient in blood without disease

Norm Flora
( Non pathogen/ Potential
pathogen )
perforate (invasive treatment; injection,
catheterization); or compromized/ immune
supressans colonization invasive
Into soft tissue or blood stream
inflammation tissue injury
(opportunistic infection)

Transmission from an individu to other

individu, or animal to human, through :
Skin contact, food/ drinks, equipment,
environment, vehicle, vector

Host-microbes relationship
Symbiosis (live together) :
Mutualism (microbes & host received the
advantage)
eg. : colon bacteria
Commensal (microbes received the advantage,
host no influence)
eg. : norm flora
Parasitism (microbes received the advantage,
host risk to destruction)
eg. : pathogens

Character-life cycle of
microbes
& host interaction
D

D I

H A
E

IR

A
H
I
D
IR

= Agents (Microbes)
= Host
= Immunity
= Diseases
= Immunized / resistance/ Immune response

A
H
E

: character & life cycle of microbes

: Immunity : barrier I, II, dan III
: Internal : - Physiologic
: - Underlying diseases
: - Immunosupressant
External : term, humidity, uv light
(Reservoirs , resourch of infection)

:
Reservoirs Habitat of microbes
Animal reservoirs Zoonosis;
similar physiologis human & animal, natural
transmission; usualy from animal to human
eg.: Rabies, Anthrax, Yellow fever, etc
Human carriers : active disease,
convalesens, latent infection/ asymptomatic
Non living reservoirs : soil, air, water,
contaminated food/ drings

Pathogenesis of
Infectious Disease
The mechanism or reaction process that
produce tissue injury with clinical manifest,
signs & simptomps

Infectious Disease (D)

active Infectious disease
latent infection

Reference
Jewetz, Melnick and Adelbergs, 2004,
Medical Microbiology. 24TH ed.
Joklik, Willett, Amos, Wilfert. 1988.
Zinsser Microbiology. 19TH ed.