3.

PENGARUH
TOKSIKAN

Ingat bagaimana besar/kecil

dosis pada organisme?

Konsentrasi toksik di lingkungan

Sifat toksik
Lama waktu pemaparan
Frekuensi waktu pemaparan
Jalur terpaparnya organisme
Efek toksik tergantung pada
:
Sifat resistensi organisme
Tingkat dosis
Respon

Ingat jenis respon

Organisme terhadap
toksik?
Efek toksik secara umum :

Change from normal

state
Local vs. Systemic
Reversible vs.
Irreversible
Immediate vs. Delayed
Graded vs. Quantal

Organism stress affecting organism behaviour

Physiological changes
Slowing the rate of growth
Affect lifespan and suppress survival
Affect the structure of the general population
Affect the comparison of sex and dominance of
species affect population size due to: death,
effects on reproduction, growth rate
Affect community structure

Respon Organisme

Respon biokimi
Toksik yang masuk ke dalam
tubuh di respon oleh sistem
enzim/protein

(Walker et al., 2004)

Respon fisiolog

neurophysiological,
behavioural and
Efek letal
efek :
reproductive
effects
populasi
inter-related
neurological
trigger certain
biochemical
changes
can responses :
evolved
either to
break the chemical
affect
behaviour,
changes
indown
behaviour can affect
When pollutants are
store it in such a way that it is hidden
reproduction
ingested by organisms, or
within a compartment, preventing
pass into the blood across
interference with essential
respiratory epithelia or the
biochemical reactions within the cell
external surface of the body
:
compartmentalized in
particular organs within
the body

(Walker et al., 2004)

(Walker et al., 2004)

Possible mechanisms for

the entry of bioavailable
metal ions from the
surrounding medium into
the cells of bivalves

d from Simkiss & Taylor, 1989 in http://www.ehu.es/europeanclass2003/biological_aspects_of_metal_accu.htm)

Bangun, 2005)

Photo of a tissue
section through the
digestive organ of a
mussel after 12
hours of exposure

(von Moos, 2012

Rudnicki et al, 2009)

Photographs showing the transvers section of fish,Tilabia

mossambicaexposed to sublethal concentration of mercury plus
chromium

Dwivedi et al, 2012)

Photographs showing the transvers section of fish,Lates

calcariferexposed to sublethal concentration of mercury plus
chromium

Dwivedi et al, 2012)

Respon interaktif
Respon yang terjadi bila
terdapat interaksi 2 jenis
polutan yang berbeda
Antagonis

Sinergis

gabungan
2
jenis
polutan mengakibatkan
efek
saling
menghilangkan/mengur
angi pada toksik

gabungan
2
jenis
polutan mengakibatkan
efek aditif pada toksik

Potentiation : when the toxicity of a mixture of two

compounds exceeds the summation of
toxicities of the individual components
Potentiation of toxicity :
The vertical axis =
the degree of toxic
effect compound
The horizontal axis =
composition of the
mixture
The maximum dose
of compounds A and
B both give the same
degree of toxic
response X
(Walker et al., 2004)

Sumber : suffet, 1977b; Van Esch, 1977; Ochme, 1978; Laws, 1981, Moore dan Ramamorty, 1984; Mance, 1990; Ferguson, 1990 in Sanusi dan Putranto, 2009

Aktifitas Toksikan
Membran : permeable terhadap
nonionized nonionized
substance lebih toksik
dibanding ionized
substance
Perubahan temperatur :
mempengaruhi
Lead to manifestation
of kecepatan
DO dan
effectskimia
reaksi
Perubahan
Synergistic,kelembaban
potentiative,: or
antagonistic depending
on dan
mempengaruhi
kesensitifan
the chemicals
and the
fisiologi
organisme
Perubahan
physiological
condition
of
cahaya
: mempengaruhi
the organism
adaptasi
terutama pada produsen
primer

solid, liquid, or gas

soluble in water or
lipid
organic or inorganic
ionized or nonionized

temperature, light,
and humidity

Toksisitas Tropis vs
Temperate

Tropis

Uji Toksisitas

Dasar uji toksisitas :

1. Respon organisme
terhadap toksikan
2. Prinsip dosis-respon

Chronic toxicity test

Acute toxicity test
Flow-through toxicity test
Static toxicity test
Sediment test
Bioconcentration study

Acute toxicity test

Chronic toxicity test

Static toxicity test

Flow-through toxicity test

Sediment

Bioconcentration studies

Faktor Biokonsentrasi

Adalah
Rasio (l / kg) konsentrasi zat dalam
jaringan organisme akuatik pada
konsentrasi dalam air

Dapat juga ditentukan melalui pembagian

kecepatan pemasukan dengan kecepatan
pengeluaran

van der Oost et al., 2003)

(Environment Agency, 2011)

(Vassiliki dan Konstantina, 1984 dalam A.B. Falusi et al.,

Ku = laju penyerapan (g/l/jam)

Kd = laju eliminasi (g/l/jam)
Cf1 = konsentrasi toksikan dalam tubuh ikan pada awal
pengamatan (g/kg)
Cf2 = konsentrasi toksikan dalam tubuh ikan pada waktu t
pengamatan (g/kg)
Cw = konsentrasi rataan toksikan dalam air selama penyerapan
(g/l)
(Montanes dan Hattum, 1995)

contoh

(Amriani et al.,

(Amriani et al.,

TUGAS
Buat

makalah :

mengenai pengaruh akumulasi polutan terhadap

sistem fisiologi dan morfologi organisme laut
Syarat

makalah :

Tema makalah tidak boleh sama setiap individu

Jurnal min 5 buah jurnal internasional min 2
Tidak boleh menggunakan wikipedia atau blogspot
Diketik A4 margin 3-3-3-3, spasi 1.15, arial 11

Dikumpulkan

tgl 11 Oktober 2013 11.00

e
B

http://biosanctuary.com/

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