HOEB 35

Advanced Marine Heat Engines

Lecture 4- Entropy
Katie Jordan katie.jordan@cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk

City of Glasgow College

Charity Number SC0 36198

Learning Outcome 2 Marine Heat

Engines
Evaluate and apply marine heat engine cycles.
1.The second law of thermodynamics
2.The Carnot cycle, its thermal efficiency and apply
Carnots principle to the second law.
3.Ideal engine cycles described using PV and TS diagrams
and practical counterparts applied to Marine Engines
4.Thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure,
work done and air standard efficiency of ideal cycles.
5.Thermal efficiency, work and heat transfer of Gas
Turbines for simple ideal and actual open and closed
cycles.

Reversibility
Consider a cup of hot coffee in a cool room.
With time the temperature of the coffee falls until
its temperature is equal to the room temperature.
The first law of thermodynamics is satisfied
because the heat energy is transferred to the air in
the room and the total energy remains constant.

Reversibility
Consider the reverse of this process.
A cup of hot coffee is placed in a cool room and the coffees temperature rises.
This process does not break the first law of thermodynamics because while the
energy in the air falls, the energy in the coffee increases and the total energy
within the system is constant.
However we know that this situation NEVER occurs.

Reversibility
The temperature of a fixed mass of water within a fixed
volume can be increased by a set of paddles being driven
by a weight falling. But when the weight has reached the
bottom of its fall, it cannot be raised by directly
transferring the heat back to the paddles, even though
this would not break the first law of thermodynamics.

Reversibility
These two processes considered occurred in a certain direction.
Once having taken place, these processes cannot reverse themselves
spontaneously and restore the system to its original state. For this
reason, they are classified as irreversible processes.

Once a cup of coffee has cools, it will not heat back up retrieving the
heat it lost to the surroundings.
If it could, the surroundings as well as the system (coffee), would be
restored to their original condition, and this would be a reversible
process.

Reversibility
A REVERSIBLE PROCESS is defined as a process that
can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings.
That is, both the system and the surroundings are
returned to their initial states at the end of the reverse
process. This is only possible if the net heat and work
exchange between the system and surroundings is zero
for the combined (original and reverse) process.

Processes that are not reversible are called

IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES.

Why do Engineers Care?

Engineers are interested in reversible processes because work-producing
devices such as diesel engines and gas or steam turbines, deliver the most
and work consuming devices such as compressors, pumps and fans require
the least work when reversible processes are used instead of irreversible
ones. (AKA we like cycles)
This means that reversible processes can be thought of as theoretical limits
for the corresponding reversible ones.

The factors which cause a process to be irreversible are called

IRREVERSIBILITIES. They include friction, unrestrained expansion,
mixing of two gasses, heat transfer across a finite temperature difference,
electric resistance, inelastic deformation of a solids and chemical reactions.
The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Satisfying the first law of thermodynamics alone does not ensure that the
process actually takes place. Processes proceed in a certain direction and
whether they may proceed in the opposite direction (are reversible) depends
upon whether or not they break the second law of thermodynamics.
The second law asserts that processes can only take place in a certain
direction, indicating that energy has a quality as well as a quantity.
A process cannot take place unless it satisfies both the first and second law
of thermodynamics

Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics often leads to expressions involving
inequalities, for example, irreversible (actual) engines are less efficient than
an ideal, reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
Consider a reversible adiabatic process for a system represented by line AB
on the PV diagram below:

Entropy
Let us suppose that it is possible for the system to undergo a reversible
isothermal process at a temperature T1 from B to C and to be restored to its
original state by a second reversible process from C to A. Due to the process
being adiabatic, the only heat transferred is from B to C during the isothermal
process. The work done by the system is given by the enclosed area shown.

We therefore have a system undergoing a cycle and developing a net work

output while drawing heat from a reservoir at one fixed temperature. This is
impossible as it violates the second law applied to heat engines:
It is impossible for a heat engine to produce a net work output in a complete
cycle if it exchanges heat only with a single energy reservoir.

Entropy
One of the characteristics of a property of a system is
that there is one unique line which represents a value
of the property on a diagram of properties. Hence
there must be a property represented by a reversible
adiabatic process. This property is called ENTROPY, S
and has units kJ/kgK.
The entropy of an isolated system during a process
always increases or, in the limiting case of a reversible
process, remains constant.
This is known as the INCREASE OF ENTROPY
PRINCIPLE.

Entropy
If we consider a Temperature / Entropy graph
T
2
1

The area under the graph( bound) by the graph will be Q

(heat transfer)
From this we can say heating increases S and cooling
decrease S

Calculating the change in Entropy

Isothermal, Isometric and Isobaric (constant
temperature , volume and pressure)

Example 17 -Prove these equation

Calculating the change in Entropy

The entropy change in any reversible process is equal to the
sum of the entropy changes in a constant volume and constant
pressure process which have the same initial and final state.
For these process we typically include mass

BUT

1
Expansion

Pa=P2

SO
A
Va=V1

Calculating the change in Entropy

AND

Drawing , Temperature/Entropy
graphs.
Isothermal- constant T straight horizontal line
Isentropic- constant entropy straight vertical line
Constant volume- Curve (steepness increasing as T increases)
Constant pressure curve (less steep then for volume as Cp>Cv)

Going right, heating

Going left ,cooling

Going up,
compression
Going down
,expansion
S

Example 16-(14 Continued)

Using the same information as in question
for example 14 find the change in entropy.

Example 17
Calculate the change in Entropy given a
mass of 0.3kg of carbon dioxide initially at
300K .The process is isometric and the
final temperature 542K.

Example 18
1.32kg of air at 1.5 bar and 20oC has heat
transferred at constant volume until the
temperature reaches 55oC, and then at constant
pressure until the temperature reaches 184oC.
a) Sketch a T-S diagram for the process
b) Determine the change in entropy for each
process.

) Cp=1.005kJ/kgK and Cv=0.718kJ/kgK

Example 19
A gas at 1.03bar and 18oC is compressed
according to the law PVn=C until the pressure is
8.2bar. There is a reduction of specific entropy of
0.0242kJ/kgK.
a) Determine the index of compression

) Cp=0.98kJ/kgK and =1.4

Entropy of vapours (steam and

refrigerants)
Undercooled
Liquid

Saturate
d
Liquid

Superheated
Vapour

Liquid and vapour

region

Saturated
Vapour

On the left hand side of the curve S=Sf

n the right hand side of the curve Superheated vapour , tables or interpolation