Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Anaerobic Digestion
Process

Complex
Organics
Acid
producing
bacteria
(acidogens)

Organic
acids and
H2

CH4 ve
CO2
Methane
producing
bacteria
(methanogenics)

How is it Produced (Three Steps of Biogas

Production)

source: [2]

How is it Produced (Three Steps of Biogas Production)

Hydrolysis and fermentation:
organic matter is enzymolyzed externally by extracellular enzymes (cellulase,
amylase, protease and lipase) of microorganisms;
bacteria decompose the long chains of the complex carbohydrates, proteins
and lipids into shorter parts.
Acidification:
Acid-producing bacteria convert the intermediates of fermenting bacteria into
acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2);
these bacteria are facultatively anaerobic and can grow under acid conditions;
to produce acetic acid, they need oxygen (solved in the solution or bound) and
carbon,
hereby
creating
an
anaerobic
condition;
they reduce the compounds with a low molecular weight into alcohols, organic
acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and traces of methane;
Methane formation:
methane-producing bacteria utilize hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid to
form methane and carbon dioxide; they are obligatory anaerobic and very
sensitive to environmental changes.

source: [1]

Definition, Composition and Properties of Biogas

Biogas originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of
organic material under anaerobic (without air) conditions. The natural
generation of biogas is an important part of the biogeochemical carbon
cycle. Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are the last link in a
chain of microorganisms, which degrade organic material and return
the decomposition products to the environment. In this process biogas
is generated, a source of renewable energy [1].
Biogas is a mixture of gases that is composed chiefly of:
methane (CH4):
40 - 70 vol.%
carbon dioxide (CO2): 30 - 60 vol.%
other gases:
1 - 5 vol.%
including:
hydrogen (H2):

0 - 1 vol.%

hydrogen sulfide (H2S):

0 - 3 vol.%

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Reactor
Configurations
First Aplications: influent

biogas
biogas
biogas
biogas
effluent
effluent effluent
effluent/influent
Filter material

Anaerobic Contact Reactor mixing

Filter
material
Sludge
blanket
sludge blanket

SCHROEPFER (1955)

Anaerobic Filter

sludge recycle
influent/effluent
influent

influent
COULTER (1957)
YOUNG &McCARTY (1969)

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

LETTINGA (1980)

Hibrid Filter
CHUNG &CHOI (1993)

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Disadvantages:
Anaerobic processes may also have
disadvantages the main disadvantage is
the SLOW GROWTH of the mathane
forming bacteria. Slow growth rates
require a relatively long detention time.
Anaerobic bacteria are highly susceptible to
inhibition by a large number of
compounds and the process itself is
vulnerable to exernal influences such as
temperature, pH, mixing.

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

System Requirements:

This depends on
Temperature
pH
Alkalinity
Presence of Inhibitors (Toxicity)

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Temperature

Temperature is one of major design and

operation parameters among other
environmental factors.
Higher temperature, shorter digester
retention time
Depending temperature of wastewater
discharge, heating may be necessary.
Otherwise provide longer retention time

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Temperature

The metabolic activities of microorganisms

at any stage of anaerobic digestion is
strongly temperature depent. Three
temperature ranges are defined:
As low as 80C
Psychrophilic (below 200C)
Mesophilic (30-400C)
Thermophilic (50-600C)

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Temperature

Optimum temperature is 350C for

Mesophilic systems and 550C for
Thermophilic systems.
Temperature should be maintained at a
constant level !!!
Produced methane gas can be used for

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

pH

Methane producing bacteria sensitive to

pH. Inhibited at low pH, less than 6.2.
Volatile acids accumulate further drop in
pH.
Maintain operating pH near neutral, 6,57,5.

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Alkalinity
The anaerobic processes influence the
alkalinity. The acid step reduces the
alkalinity and the methane step increases
it. The over all result is a small reduction
in alkalinity. Any decrease in pH degree
should be buffered by adittion of an
alkaline material.
Alkalinity of 2500 mg/l provides much
buffer capacity when digestion is
proceeding satisfactorly, the alkalinity will

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Presence of Inhibitors
(Toxicity)
Effect on growth rate of bacteria by inhibiting
(declined).
volatile acids : propionic acid limiting (>10
mg/l)
ammonia : from protein degradation.
Free NH3 more toxic ( toxic if > 150mg/l).
pH to control. At pH 7.2, mostly ammonium ions (toxic
if 3000mg/l)
metal ions : from addition of base to control pH.
Careful not to exceed toxic levels. No sudden increase
and allow acclimatization period, can tolerate
moderately inhibitory for some time.
sulfides : from protein degradation. Only soluble
sulfides effect. Precipitate out by addition of iron.
heavy metals : toxic at low concentration. Not too

PROSES AN-AEROBIK

An-aerobik Baffled Reactor (ABR)

AIR KOTOR

AIR TEROLAH
DAPAT
DI DAUR ULANG

PROSES ABR
Air limbah dialirkan

Pengendap yang

melalui lumpur aktif di

setiap bak polutan
terurai dengan
adanya kontak
dengan
bakteri/mikroba
Mampu menurunkan
COD/ BOD hingga
75%

terintegrasi
mencegah zat padat
masuk ke dalam
bagian baffle
Tidak memakan
lahan karena di
kontruksi di bawah
tanah

Anaerobic Filter

Air limbah dialirkan melalui

lapisan filter organisme yang
menguraikan polutan air limbah
Menurunkan COD/ BOD hingga
90%
AIR KOTOR

MEDIA
FILTER

Pengendap yang
terintegrasi mencegah zat
padat masuk ke dalam
bagian baffle
Tidak memakan lahan
karena dikontruksi di
bawah tanah

AIR TEROLAH
DAPAT DI
DAUR ULANG

Anaerobik Artma Biyoteknolojisi

Persamaan Pada
Anaerobic Contact Process
1.

Persamaan perencanaan :
a)
Waktu Tinggal Hidrolik :

b)

Umur Lumpur Aktif :

C) Konsentrasi Biomass

Vr
Q

VX
c
Qw X w (Q Qw ) X e

c Y Si Se
X
H 1 k d c

Qr
X

Rasio resirkulasi : R
Qo X r X

Qr = debit resirkulasi

Q0 = debit influen

X = Konsentrasi Mikroorganisme dalam bioreaktor

Xr = Konsentrasi Mikroorganisme dalam resirkulasi.

Perkiraan konsentrasi BOD efluen :

Se

K s 1 c k d
c Y kd 1

Characteristics of different reactor types

Anaerobic
reactor
type

Start
up
period

Channellin
g effect

Effluent
recycle

Gas solid
separation
device

Carrier
packing

Typical loading
rates (kg COD/
m3.day)

HRT
(d)

CSTR

Not present

Not
required

Not
required

Not
essential

0.25-3

10-60

Contact

Nonexistent

Not
required

Not
required

Not
essential

0.25-4

12-15

UASB

4-16

Low

Not
required

Essential

Not
essential

10-30

0.5-7

Anaerobic
filter

3-4

High

Not
required

Beneficial

Essential

1-20

0.5-12

AFBR

3-4

Nonexistent

Required

Beneficial

Essential

1-100

0.2-5

AFB: Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor